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Chapter 4
P.I.R.A.T.E.S + Vocabulary + Chronology
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Harappa - Politics | not much evidence; most likely individual political centers; taxes by gain |
Harappa - Interactions with environment / geography | Indus River valley, annual flooding; sowed wheat and barley; domesticated animals; ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION ~ deforestation & Sahara desert |
Harappa - Religion | had gods and goddesses of procreation |
Harappa - Art and Architecture | fortified citadels; experts in gold copper and bronze metallurgy |
Harappa - Technology | sophisticated sewage systems |
Harappa - Economics | agriculture; domestic and foreign trade |
Harappa - Society | cities by 300 BCE; social distinctions visible in housing |
citadel | a fortress used by the Harappan Society |
Harappan | of or relating to Harappa; Indus valley civilization. |
venerated | to treat someone with reverence; respect |
pantheon | a public building containing tombs or memorials of memorable ppl. (could be heroes, idols, gods) of a nation. |
Aryans | Nomadic pastoral Indo-European speakers |
Rig Veda | a book of 1028 hymns;made near 2nd millennium BCE |
Indra | god of many early societies in south Asia, warlike, |
Raja | an Indian king/prince |
caste system | a form of social stratification, in this case by class |
Varnas | each of four Hindu castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras |
Brahmins | The highest caste; priesthood |
Kshatriyas | The second caste; military and government |
Vaishyas | The third caste; merchants and farmers |
Shudra | The fourth and lowest caste; workers |
"Law book of Manu" | proper moral behavior and social relationships + sex and gender relations; women should be respected but they should follow orders from men |
brahmin/ Brahman | the universal soul; everyone is part of one big universal soul; eternal and unchanging foundation; |
doctrine | a belief or many beliefs set up by a church/religion |
karma | destiny/fate; the sum of all you actions will determine your fate |
Dravidian | a member or something relating to the Dravidian language |
Aryan - Politics | chiefdoms; no official government usually king and council of elders ~ eventually became state governments with city reps. |
Aryan - Interactions with environment / geography | lived by Indus River; annual flooding; sowed wheat and barley; domesticated animals; ***ecological degradation; deforestation |
Aryan - Religion | had gods and goddesses of procreation |
Aryan - Art and Architecture | fortified citadels; experts in gold, copper, and bronze metallurgy |
Aryan - Technology | sophisticated sewage systems , warlike chariots |
Aryan - Economy | agriculture + domestic and foreign trade |
Aryan - Society | social distinctions evident in housing; had built cities by 300 BCE |
Dravidian - Politics | "led" by Indra; clashed with Aryans often; municipal government; religion helped people remove doubt of unfair social hierarchy |
Dravidian - Interactions with environment / geography | agricultural society; Indus River |
Dravidian - Religion | Upanishads: religious teachings; believed in nature spirits which influenced hinduism later on |
Dravidian - Art and Architecture | houses of many floors; all similar to Aryan (gold copper and bronze metallurgy |
Dravidian - Technology | metallurgy, iron tools; sewage systems |
Dravidian - Economy | Agricultural mostly; trading and cats and artisans |
Dravidian - Society | Samsara abd Karma reinforced caste and social hierarchy |
Beginnings of agriculture in south Asia | 8000–7000 B.C.E. |
High point of Harappan society | 2500–2000 B.C.E. |
Beginning of Harappan decline | 1900 B.C.E. |
Beginning of Aryan migration to India | 1500 B.C.E. |
Vedic age | 1500–500 B.C.E. |
Composition of the Rig Veda | 1400–900 B.C.E. |
Early Aryan migrations into the Ganges River valley;Emergence of varna distinctions | 1000 B.C.E. |
Formation of regional kingdoms in northern India | 1000–500 B.C.E. |
Composition of the principal Upanishads | 800–400 B.C.E. |
Establishment of first Aryan cities in the Ganges valley | 750 B.C.E. |
Early Aryan migrations to the Deccan Plateau | 500 B.C.E. |