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Ch.4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Citadel | a fortress, typically on high ground, protecting or dominating a city. |
| Harappan | of or relating to Harappa, especially the Bronze Age culture of the Indus valley civilization. |
| Venerated | regard with great respect; revere. |
| Pantheon | all the gods of a people or religion collectively. |
| Aryans | relating to or denoting a people speaking an Indo-European language who invaded northern India. |
| Rig Veda | The most ancient collection of Hindu sacred verses, consisting principally of hymns to various deities. |
| Indra | Also known as Śakra in the Vedas, is the leader of the Devas and the lord of Svargaloka or heaven in Hinduism. |
| Raja | an Indian king or prince. |
| Caste System | a class structure that is determined by birth. |
| Varnas | each of the four Hindu castes, Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra. |
| Brahmins | a member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood. (in Hinduism) the ultimate reality underlying all phenomena. |
| Kshatriyas | a member of the second of the four great Hindu castes, the military caste. |
| Vaishyas | a member of the third of the four Hindu castes, comprising the merchants and farmers. |
| Shudras | a member of the worker caste, lowest of the four Hindu castes. |
| Law book of Manu | dealt with proper moral behavior and social relationships, includ- ing sex and gender relationships. |
| Brahman | a member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood. |
| Doctrine | a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group. |
| Karma | accounted for the specific incarnations that souls experienced. |
| Dravidian | of, relating to, or denoting a family of languages spoken in southern India and Sri Lanka, or the peoples who speak them. |
| Chronology: Beginnings of agriculture in south Asia | 8000-7000B.C.E. |
| Chronology: High point of Harappan society | 2500-2000B.C.E. |
| Chronology: Beginning of Harappan decline | 1900B.C.E. |
| Chronology: Beginning of Aryan migration to India | 1500B.C.E. |
| Chronology: Vedic age | 1500-500B.C.E. |
| Chronology: Composition of the Rig Veda | 1400-900B.C.E. |
| Chronology: Early Aryan migrations into the Ganges River valley | 1000B.C.E. |
| Chronology: Emergence of Varna distinctions | 1000B.C.E. |
| Chronology: Formation of regional kingdoms in northern India | 1000-500B.C.E. |
| Composition of the principal Upanishads | 800-400B.C.E. |
| Establishment of first Aryan cities in the Ganges valley | 750B.C.E. |
| Early Aryan migrations to the Deccan Plateau | 500B.C.E |
| Harappan: Political | No evidence of political system. |
| Harappan: Interaction with Environment (Geography) | Harappa and Mohenjo-daro natural catastrophes such as floods or earthquakes The Indus River: Runs through north India, with sources at Hindu Kush and the Himalayas |
| Harappan: Religious | Religious beliefs strongly emphasized by fertility Polytheistic |
| Harappan: Arts and Architecture | Standardized weights, measures, architectural styles, and brick sizes Broad streets, marketplaces, temples, public buildings Each city had a fortified citadel and a large granary |
| Harappan: Technology | Each city had a fortified citadel and a large granary |
| Harappan: Economics | Population began to abandon their cities Social distinctions, as seen from living styles |
| Harappan: Society | Harappan society declined Complex society of Dravidians |
| Aryans: Political | Ruled by a king and local rulers Many City states Duty of the king was the protection of his subjects, property, defense and maintenance of peace |
| Aryans: Interaction with Environment | Aryan migrations in India: first Punjab and by 500 B.C.E. in northern Deccan Conflicts with indigenous peoples |
| Aryans: Religious | War god, Indra Gods of the sun, the sky, the moon, fire, health, disease God Varuna: ethical concern, cosmic order Ritual sacrifices were more important than ethics Sacrifices, chants, soma |
| Aryans: Arts and Architecture | No writing system, orally transmitted works |
| Aryans: Technology | Used iron tools and developed agriculture |
| Aryans: Economics | Depended heavily on a pastoral economy |
| Aryans: Society | Women's duties: to bear children and maintain the household Advised men to treat women with honor and respect Subjected women to the control and guidance of men |
| Dravidian: Political | Appointed Indra as there leader |
| Dravidian: Interaction with Environment | South India |
| Dravidian: Religious | Dialogues between disciples and sages Samsara: an individual soul was born many times |
| Dravidian: Arts and Architecture | Created societies |
| Dravidian: Technology | Developed the valley river |
| Dravidian: Economics | Rich culture society |
| Dravidian: Society | They acknowledged Egypt and Mesopotamia |
Created by:
andrea2019
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