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LD AP World II Ch 17
LD AP World II Chapter 17 - Questions/Answers
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did the peoples of the New World lack? | Immunity to diseases from the Old World. |
| What caused severe declines in the population of native peoples in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies? | Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, typhus, influenza, malaria, yellow fever and maybe pulmonary plague |
| Where may similar patterns of contagion and mortality be observed? | In the English and French colonies in North America. |
| What did Europeans not use as a tool of building an empire? | Disease |
| What did the spread of Old World diseases clearly undermine? | The ability of native peoples to resist settlement and accelerated cultural change. |
| Where were European, Asian, and African food crops introduced to? | The Americas |
| Where were American crops, including maize, beans, potatoes, manioc, and tobacco brought to? | The Eastern Hemisphere. |
| What is thought to be one factor contributing to the rapid growth in world population after 1700? | The introduction of New World food crops |
| What did the introduction of European livestock such as cattle, pigs, horses, and sheep influence? | The environment and on the cultures of the native people of the Americas. |
| What did Old World livestock do? | Destroyed the crops of some Amerindian farmers. |
| What did other Amerindians benefit from? | The introduction of cattle, sheep, and horses. |
| How did the Spanish crown try to exert direct control over its American colonies? | Through a supervisory office called the Council of the Indies. |
| What did the difficulty of communication between Spain and the New World lead to? | A situation in which the Viceroys of New Spain and Peru and their subordinate officials enjoyed a substantial degree of power. |
| After some years of neglect and mismanagement, what did the Portuguese in 1720 appoint to administer Brazil? | A viceroy |
| Describe the governmental institutions established by Spain and Portugal | They were highly developed, costly bureaucracies that thwarted local economic initiative and political experimentation. |
| What did the Catholic Church play an important role in? | Transferring European language, culture, and Christian beliefs to the New World. |
| Who did the Catholic clergy convert? | Large numbers of Amerindians, although some of them secretly held on to some of their native beliefs and practices. |
| What did the Catholic clergy act to protect Amerindians from? | Some of the exploitation and abuse of the Spanish settlers. |
| Bartolome de Las Casas | A former settler turned priest who denounced Spanish policies toward the Amerindians and worked to improve the status of Amerindians through legal reforms such as the New Laws of 1542. |
| Why were Catholic missionaries frustrated? | Amerindian converts blended Christian beliefs with elements of their own cosmology and ritual. |
| What happened when the Church redirected its energies toward the colonial cities and towns? | The Church founded universities and secondary schools and played a significant role in the intellectual and economic life of the colonies. |
| What were the colonial economies of Latin America dominated by? | The silver mines of Peru and Mexico and by the sugar plantations of Brazil. This led to a dependence on mineral and agricultural exports. |
| What was the economy of the Spanish colonies dominated by? | The silver mines of Bolivia and Peru until 1680 and then by the silver mines of Mexico. |
| Effects of Silver mining and processing | Required a large labor force and led to environmental effects that included deforestation and mercury poisoning. |
| In the agricultural economy that dominated Spanish America up to the 1540s, what did Spanish settlers use to exploit Amerindian labor? | The forced-labor system of encomienda |
| What developed with the development of silver-mining economies? | New systems of labor exploitation were devised. In Mexico, free-wage labor, and in Peru, the mita. |
| Mita system of Peru | One-seventh of adult male Amerindians were drafted for forced labor at less than subsistence wages for six months of the year. |
| Effects of the mita system | System undermined the traditional agricultural economy, weakened Amerindian village life, and promoted the assimilation of Amerindians into Spanish colonial society. |
| What did the Portuguese in the Atlantic islands and Brazil? | The slave-labor sugar plantation system |
| Who did the Brazilian plantations used? | First, Amerindian slaves and then the more expensive but more productive (and more disease-resistant) African slaves. |
| How did Sugar and silver play important roles? | In integrating the American colonial economies into the system of world trade. |
| What did both Spain and Portugal try to do? | Control the trade of their American colonies through monopolies and convoy systems that facilitated the collection of taxes but that also restricted the flow of European goods to the colonies. |
| What did the elite of Spanish America consist of? | A relatively small number of Spanish immigrants and a larger number of their American-born descendants (creoles). |
| What did the Spanish-born dominate? | The highest levels of government, church, and business, while the creoles controlled agriculture and mining. |
| Under colonial rule, what happened to the cultural diversity? | Amerindian peoples and the class differentiation within the Amerindian ethnic groups both were eroded. |
| What did slaves and free blacks from the Iberian Peninsula participate in? | The conquest and settlement of Spanish America; later, the direct slave trade with Africa led both to an increase in the number of blacks and to a decline in the legal status of blacks in the Spanish colonies. |
| At first, what did people brought from various parts of Africa retain? | Their different cultural identities; but with time, their various traditions blended and mixed with European and Amerindian languages and beliefs to form distinctive local cultures |
| Slave resistance and rebellions | Always brought under control, but runaway slaves occasionally formed groups that defended themselves for years. |
| What were most slaves engaged in? | Agricultural labor and were forced to submit to harsh discipline and brutal punishments. |
| What did the overwhelming majority of males cause? | Made it impossible for slaves to preserve traditional African family and marriage patterns or to adopt those of Europe. |
| In colonial Brazil, what did Portuguese immigrants control? | Politics and the economy, but by the early seventeenth century Africans and their American-born descendants-both slave and free-were the largest ethnic group. |
| Castas | The growing population of individuals of mixed European and Amerindian descent (mestizos), European and African descent (mulattos), and mixed African and Amerindian descent |
| What did Castas dominate? | Small-scale retailing and construction in the cities, ran small ranches and farms in the rural areas, and worked as wage laborers; some gained high status and wealth and adopted Spanish or Portuguese culture. |
| What happened in attempts to establish colonies in Newfoundland (1583) and on Roanoke Island (1587)? | Failure |
| What led to a new wave of interest in establishing colonies in the New World? | In the seventeenth-century, hope that colonies would prove to be profitable investments, combined with the successful colonization of Ireland. |
| What did the Virginia Company establish? | The colony of Jamestown on an unhealthy island in the James River in 1606. |
| What did Virginia (Chesapeake Bay area) develop into? | As a tobacco plantation economy with a dispersed population and with no city of any significant size. |
| What did the plantations of the Chesapeake Bay area initially rely on? | English indentured servants for labor. |
| What happened as life expectancy increased? | Planters came to prefer to invest in slaves; the slave population of Virginia increased from 950 in 1660 to 120,000 in 1756. |
| What was Virginia administered by? | A Crown-appointed governor and by representatives of towns meeting together as the House of Burgesses. |
| What did the House of Burgesses develop into? | A form of democratic representation at the same time as slavery was growing. |
| What did Colonists in the Carolinas first prosper on? | The fur trade with Amerindian deer hunters. |
| Consequences of the fur trade | Included environmental damage brought on by over-hunting, Amerindian dependency on European goods, ethnic conflicts among Amerindians fighting over hunting grounds, & a series of unsuccessful Amerindian attacks on the English colonists in the early 1700s. |
| Who settled the southern part of the Carolinas? | Planters from Barbados and developed a slave-labor plantation economy, producing rice and indigo. |
| In S. Carolina, what did enslaved Africans and their descendants form? | The majority population and developed their own culture; a slave uprising (the Stono Rebellion) in 1739 led to more repressive policies toward slaves throughout the southern colonies. |
| What was Colonial South Carolina? | The most hierarchical society in British North America. |
| In S. Carolina, what did a wealthy planter class do? | Dominated a population of small farmers, merchants, cattlemen, artisans, and fur-traders who, in turn, stood above the people of mixed English-Amerindian or English-African background and slaves. |
| What did The Pilgrims, who wanted to break completely with the Church of England, do? | Established the small Plymouth Colony in 1620. |
| What did the Puritans, who wanted only to reform the Church of England, do? | Formed a chartered joint-stock company (the Massachusetts Bay Company) and established the Massachusetts Bay colony in 1630 |
| The Massachusetts Bay colony | Had a normal gender balance, saw a rapid increase in population, and was more homogenous and less hierarchical than the southern colonies. |
| The political institutions of the Mass. colony | Were derived from the terms of its charter and included an elected governor and, in 1650, a lower legislative house. |
| What happened without the soil or the climate to produce cash crops? | The Massachusetts economy evolved from dependence on fur, forest products, and fish to a dependence on commerce and shipping. |
| What did Massachusetts's merchants engage in? | A diversified trade across the Atlantic, which made Boston the largest city in British North America in 1740. |
| Who was the first to colonize Manhattan Island? | The Dutch and then taken by the English and renamed New York. |
| What did New York become? | Became a commercial and shipping center; it derived particular benefit from its position as an outlet for the export of grain to the Caribbean and Southern Europe. |
| What was Pennsylvania first developed as? | A proprietary colony for Quakers, but developed into a wealthy grain-exporting colony with Philly as its major commercial city. In contrast to rice-exporting SC's slave agriculture, who produced Penn grain by free family farmers |
| Describe patterns of French settlement | Closely resembled those of Spain and Portugal; the French were committed to missionary work, and they emphasized the extraction of natural resources—furs. |
| What was French expansion driven by? | The fur trade and resulted in depletion of beaver and deer populations and made Amerindians dependent upon European goods. |
| What did the fur trade provide Amerindians with? | Firearms that increased the violence of the wars that they fought over control of hunting grounds. |
| What happened when firearms reached the horse frontier in the early eighteenth century? | They increased the military power and hunting efficiency of the indigenous peoples of the American West and slowed the pace of European settlement. |
| What did Catholic missionaries, including the Jesuits, attempt to do? | Convert the Amerindian population of French America, but, meeting with indigenous resistance, they turned their attention to work in the French settlements. |
| What did French settlements depend on? | The fur trade, were small and grew slowly. |
| What did the slow pattern of settlement allow Amerindians in French America to do? | Preserve a greater degree of independence than they could in the Spanish, Portuguese, or British colonies. |
| Where did The French expand? | Aggressively to the West and South, establishing a second fur-trading colony in Louisiana in 1699. |
| What did the French expansion lead to? | War with England in which the French, defeated in 1759, were forced to yield Canada to the English and to cede Louisiana to Spain. |
| What happened after 1713 Spain's new Bourbon dynasty undertook a series of administrative reforms including expanded inter-colonial trade? | New commercial monopolies on certain goods, a stronger navy, and better policing of the trade in contraband goods to the Spanish colonies. |
| What did Spanish reforms coincide with? | The eighteenth century economic expansion that was led by the agricultural and grazing economies of Cuba, the Rio de la Plata, Venezuela, Chile, and Central America. |
| What were The Bourbon policies detrimental to? | The interests of the grazing and agricultural export economies, which were increasingly linked to illegitimate trade with the English, French, and Dutch. |
| Who did the new monopolies arouse opposition from? | Creole elites whose only gain from the reforms was their role as leaders of militias that were intended to counter the threat of war with England. |
| What were the Bourbon policies also a factor in? | The Amerindian uprisings, including that led by the Peruvian Amerindian leader José Gabriel Condorcanqui (Tupac Amaru II). |
| Describe the Amerindian rebellions | Was suppressed after more than two years and cost the Spanish colonies over 100,000 lives and enormous amounts of property damage. |
| What did Brazil also undergo? | A period of economic expansion and administrative reform in the 1700s. |
| What was economic expansion fueled by? | Gold, diamonds, coffee, and cotton underwrote the Pombal reforms, paid for the importation of nearly 2 million African slaves, and underwrote a new wave of British imports. |
| What did the British Crown try to do in the latter half of the seventeenth century? | Control colonial trading (smuggling) and manufacture by passing a series of Navigation Acts and by suspending the elected assemblies of the New England colonies. |
| How did Colonists resist the Navigation acts? | By overthrowing the governors of New York and Massachusetts and by removing the Catholic proprietor of Maryland, thus setting the stage for future confrontational politics. |
| What was, during the eighteenth century, economic growth and new immigration into the British colonies accompanied by? | Increased urbanization and a more stratified social structure. |
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