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Anatomy and Physiolo
skeletal and muscles systems
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bones are made of 2 types of tissue | compact and spongy |
| Which one has red bone marrow? | spongy bone contains red bone marrow |
| What does red bone marrow make? | red bone marrow richly supplies the spongy bone with blood and also produces blood cells for user throughout the body |
| Bones are classified as: long, short, flat, and irregular irregular bones are differently shaped and are not classified as long, short, or flat. they include the hip bones, vertebrae, and various bones in the skull | long bones: are longer than they are wide short bones: are shaped like cubes and are found primarily in the wrist and ankles flat bones: are thin, flat, and curved they form the ribs, breastbones, cranium, and bones of the shoulder girdle |
| Which of these contains red bone marrow? | medullary cavity; axial skeleton (skull, spine, and rib cage), girdles (pelvis and shoulders), at the ends of (epiphysis) the humerus and femur |
| Name the parts of the long bones and know where they grow periosteum-is a tough, fibrous, connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of the diaphysis articular cartilage-is found on the outer surface of the epiphysis | diaphysis-the long shaft bone; humerus and femur epiphysis-the enlarged ends of the long bone epiphyseal disc-located near the proximal and distal ends of long bones medullary cavity-is the hollow center of the diaphysis |
| What is the process of tissue in embryo becoming bone? | intramembranous ossification |
| What is it made of before? | cartilage and connective tissue to bone |
| What is the name of the fibrous connective tissue between the skull bones called? | fontanels |
| Why is it necessary to separate the bones? | because they need to be able to compress during child birth so that the still thin cranial bones so that it can fit through the cervix during birth |
| Where do the long bones grow? | arms, legs, hands, fingers, thighs, forearms, palms and instep |
| What hormones makes this process slow and eventually stop? | growth hormones, thyroxine, parathyroid hormone, insulin (which helps regulate cell division protein synthesis, calcium metabolism, and energy production.) sex hormones stops the growth of the long bones |
| How many facial bones are there? | 14 |
| How many cranial bones are there? | 8 |
| Why do you need para nasal sinuses? | lightening the weight of the head, humidifying and heating inhaled air, increasing the resonance of speech and serving as a crumple zone to protect vital structures in the event of facial trauma |
| How many ribs? | 25 |
| Why are some called true and false? | true ribs-articulate directly with the manubrium and body of the sternum by means of costal cartilages false ribs-are attached indirectly to the sternum by cartilage or do not attach at all |
| What do ribs do? | they protect the heart and lungs and any other abdominal cavity organs such as the liver and spleen |
| How many of the different sections of vertebrae? | cervical-7 thoracic-12 lumbar-5 sacrum-1 coccyx-1 |
| Bones are connected to bones with ligaments and muscles are connected to bones with tendons | bones are connected to bones with ligaments, muscles are connected to bones with tendons; muscles are connected to muscle with fascia (aponeurosis) |
| What makes up the axial skeleton | cranium and facial bones |
| How many normal curves in vertebrae? | 4-cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacrak |
| Name 3 abnormal curves in vertebrae | scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis |
| Ribs attach to what vertebrae? | thoracic vertebrae |
| What is synovial fluid? | lubricates the bones in the joint, thereby decreasing the friction with joint |
| What are the 3 types of joints? | immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable |
| What is arthritis? | inflammation of the joints |
| Movement away from the body? | abduction |
| Toward the body? | adduction |
| Pulling away? | extension |
| Pulling towards? | flexion |
| Rotating upwards? | hyperextension |
| Rotating downward? | plantar flexion |
| How many types of muscles? | 600 plus |
| Muscle movements is with several muscles. What is chief called? | prime mover |
| What are two movement types? | synergists and antagonists |
| The tendons must have a stationary point and a point of insertion. | stationary point is the stationary bone; the stationary bone can also be immovable; the origin of the muscle attaches to the stationary bone |
| Insertion is where it moves | insertion is attaches to the more movable bones |
| Muscles move by pulling, not pushing | when muscles contract then the opposite muscle flexes or extends |
| Tendons and ligaments are made of fibrous connective tissue | tendons help anchor muscles firmly to bone and the muscles is usually has at least 2 tendons, each attached to a different bone |
| Tendons and ligaments are made of fibrous connective tissue | ligaments cross joints and attach bones to each other, they also contain more elastic fibers then tendons which lets them stretch more easily |
| Muscles in a slight state of contraction are in good muscle tone | when the muscle is in a slight state of contraction it refers to a normal continuous state of partial muscle contraction, tone is caused by the contraction of different groups of muscle fibers within a whole muscle; to maintain muscle tone |
| one group of muscle fibers contract first and as these fibers began to relax, a second group of muscle fibers contract. The pattern is called contraction and relaxation because it continues to maintain muscle tone | |
| Energy sources for muscles are glycogen is stored, creatine made from excess, Need of ATP | muscles use a lot of ATP when they contract so it has to be replaced in 3 ways:by is the resting muscle produces excess ATP, use some of it to make creatine phosphate that is a storage form of energy that can be used to replenish ATP quickly during muscle |
| that is a storage form of energy that can be used to replenish ATP quickly during muscles contraction, 2)glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose anaerobically (w/out oxygen), generating small amounts of ATP | |
| generating small amounts of ATP, glucose is obtained by 2 sources: the blood glucose and the glycogen that is stored in the skeleton muscles, the glycolysis provides enough energy (ATP) for an additional 30-40 seconds of intense muscle activity | |
| Energy sources for muscles are glycogen is stored, creatine made from excess, Need of ATP enters the mitochondria and is broken down completely to CO2, H2O and ATP, this generates a large amount of ATP compared with the glycolysis | 3)aerobic (oxygen-required) metabolism after 30-40 seconds, the supply of ATP from glycolysis is depleted and continued muscle activity relies on ATP production by aerobic respiration, the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid (formed from glycolysis) |
| When oxygen is not present or is diminished oxygen debt occurs: lactic acid is present | glycolysis also produces lactic acid by some of the lactic acid can be picked up by the blood and transported to the liver, where it is used to make glucose |
| When oxygen is not present or is diminished oxygen debt occurs: lactic acid it is rapidly removed from the muscles&metabolized; the latent soreness is not attributed no to lactic acid but to tears of connective tissue in the muscles&muscle musclecellmembr | the lactic acid is a end-product of glycolysis and its brief accumulation in the muscle tissue is thought to be the cause of the immediate soreness |
| What are some of the ways muscles are named? | they are named by their size, shaped, orientation fibers, location, number of origins, origins and insertion, and muscle action. |
Created by:
Bearlover
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