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Bio Anthro Ch.2
Physical Anthropology 11th edition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adenine | One of the bases found in DNA and RNA; a purine. |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | The main fuel of cells. ATP is manufactured by the mitochondria. |
| alleles | An alternative form of a gene. |
| amino Acids | A type of molecule that forms the basic building block of proteins. |
| atoms | A building block of matter. |
| autosomes | A chromosome other than a sex chromosome. |
| back cross | The process of crossing a hybrid with its homozygous recessive parent. |
| base | A subunit of a nucleotide that makes up the DNA and RNA molecules: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil. |
| Blending Theory | An early and incorrect idea that the inherited characteristics of offspring are intermediate between maternal and paternal genetic characteristics. |
| carbohydrates | Organic compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen; include the sugars and starches. |
| cell | The smallest unit able to perform all those activities collectively called life. All living organisms are either one cell or composed of several cells. |
| centromere | A structure in the chromosome holding the two chromatids together; during cell division, it is the site of attachment for the spindle fibers. |
| chromatids | One of the two strands of a replicated chromosome. Two chromatids are joined together by a centromere. |
| chromosomes | A body found in the nucleus of the cell containing the hereditary material. |
| complementary pairs | A set of two nucleotides, each on a different polynucleotide chain, that are attracted to each other by a chemical bond. In DNA, adenine and thymine, and cytosine and guanine, form complementary pairs. |
| crossing-over | The phenomenon whereby sections of homologous chromosomes are interchanged during meiosis. |
| cytogenetics | The study of the heredity mechanisms within the cell. |
| cytology | The study of the biology of the cell. |
| cytoplasm | Material within the cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane. |
| cytosine | One of the bases found in the DNA and RNA molecule; a pyrimidine. |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | A nucleic acid that controls the structure of proteins and hence determines inherited characteristics; genes are portions of the DNA molecule that fulfill specific functions. |
| doexyribose | A five-carbon sugar found in the DNA molecule. |
| dizygotic twins | Fraternal twins; twins derived from separate zygotes. |
| DNA triplet | Sequences of three bases on the DNA molecule that code a specific amino acid or other genetic function. |
| dominant | When in the heterozygous genotype only one allele is expressed in the phenotype, that allele is said to be dominant. |
| environment | Everything external to the organism. |
| estrus | Time period during which the female is sexually receptive. |
| gamete | A sex cell produced by meiosis that contains one copy of a chromosome set (23 chromosomes in humans). In a bisexual animal, the sex cell is either a sperm or an ovum. |
| genes | A section of DNA that has a specific function. |
| genotype | The genetic constitution of an individual. |
| Guanine | One of the bases found in the DNA and RNA molecules; a purine. |
| heterozygous | Having two different alleles of a particular gene. |
| homologous chromosomes | Chromosomes of the same pair containing the same genes but not necessarily the same alleles. |
| homozygous | Having two like alleles of a particular gene: homozygous dominant when the allele is dominant and homozygous recessive when the allele is recessive. |
| homozygous dominant | Having two dominant alleles of the same gene. |
| homozygous recessive | Having two recessive alleles of the same gene. |
| hybrids | Individual that is the result of a cross or mating between two different kinds of parents. |
| independent assortment | A Mendelian principle that states that differing traits are inherited independently of each other. It applies only to genes on different chromosomes. |
| karyotype | The standardized classification and arrangement of chromosomes. |
| linkage | Association of genes on the same chromosome. |
| lipids | Class of compounds that includes fats, oils, and waxes. |
| meiosis | Form of cell division occurring in specialized tissues in the testes and ovaries that leads to the production of gametes or sex cells. |
| messenger RNA (mRNA) | Form of RNA that copies the DNA code in the nucleus and transports it to the ribosome. |
| mitochondria | Bodies found in the cytoplasm that convert the energy in the chemical bonds of organic molecules into ATP. |
| mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) | A double-stranded loop of DNA found within the mitochondria; there can be as few as one or as many as a hundred mitochondria per cell, and each mitochondrion possesses between 4 and 10 mtDNA loops. |
| mitosis | Form of cell division whereby one-celled organisms divide and whereby body cells divide in growth and replacement. |
| model | A representation of a phenomenon on which tests can be conducted and from which predictions can be made. |
| molecules | Unit composed of two or more atoms linked by a chemical bond. |
| monozygotic twins | Identical twins; derived from a single zygote. |
| nuclear DNA (nDNA) | DNA found within the nucleus of the cell. |
| nuclear membrane | A structure that binds the nucleus within the cell. |
| nucleic acids | The largest of the molecules found in living organisms; they are composed of chains of nucleotides. |
| nucleotide | The basic building block of nucleic acids; a nucleotide is composed of a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate, and a base. |
| nucleus | A structure found in the cell that contains the chromosomes. |
| oogenesis | The production of ova. |
| ovulation | The point during the female reproductive cycle, usually the midpoint, when the ovum has matured and breaks through the wall of the ovary. |
| pangenesis | An early and inaccurate idea that acquired characteristics of the parents are transmitted to their offspring. |
| peptide bond | A link between amino acids in a protein. |
| phenotype | The observable and measurable characteristics of an organism. |
| phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) | An artificially created substance whose main use is in detecting the ability to taste it; ability to taste PTC is inherited as a dominant. |
| phosphate unit | A unit of the nucleic acid molecule consisting of a phosphate and four oxygen atoms. |
| plasma membrane | A structure that binds the cell but allows for the entry and exit of certain substances. |
| polar bodies | A cell that develops in oogenesis that contains little cytoplasm and does not develop into a mature ovum. |
| polypeptides | Chain of amino acids. |
| proteins | Long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds (a polypeptide chain). |
| purines | Base found in nucleic acids that consists of two connected rings of carbon and nitrogen; in DNA and RNA, adenine and guanine. |
| pyrimidines | Base found in nucleic acids that consists of a single ring of carbon and nitrogen; in DNA, thymine and cytosine; in RNA, uracil and cytosine. |
| recessive | An allele that is expressed only in the homozygous recessive condition. |
| recombination | New combinations of alleles on the same chromosome as a result of crossing-over. |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | A type of nucleic acid based on the sugar ribose; exists in cells as messenger RNA and transfer RNA. |
| ribose | A five-carbon sugar found in RNA. |
| ribosomes | Small spherical body within the cytoplasm of the cell in which protein synthesis takes place. |
| segregation | In the formation of sex cells, the process in which paired hereditary factors separate, forming sex cells that contain either one or the other factor. |
| sex chromosomes | The X and Y chromosomes. Males usually have one X and one Y chromosome; females usually have two X chromosomes. |
| spermatogenesis | Sperm production. |
| Thymine | One of the bases found in DNA; a pyrimidine |
| trait | One aspect of the phenotype. |
| transfer RNA (tRNA) | Within the ribosome, a form of RNA that transports amino acids into the positions coded in the mRNA. |
| true-bleeding | Showing the same traits without exception over many generations. |
| Uracil | One of the bases found in RNA; a pyrimidine. |
| X Chromosome | The larger of the two sex chromosomes. Females usually possess two X chromosomes; males usually possess one X and one Y chromosome. |
| X-linked | Refers to genes on the X chromosome. |
| Y Chromosome | The smaller of the two sex chromosomes. Females usually possess no Y chromosome; males usually possess one X and one Y chromosome. |
| Y-linked | Refers to genes on the Y chromosome. |
| zygote | A fertilized ovum. |
Created by:
Ian Aitchison
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