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Chapter 8
Female reproductive system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adnexa uteri | Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments. |
| amnion | Innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus. |
| areola | Dark-pigmented area surrounding the breast nipple. |
| Bartholin glands | Small mucus-secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice (opening to outside of the body). |
| cervix | Lower, neck-like portion of the uterus. |
| chorion | Outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta. |
| clitoris | Organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra. |
| coitus | Sexual intercourse; copulation. Pronunciation is KŌ-ı˘-tus. |
| corpus luteum | Empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell; literally means yellow (luteum) body (corpus). |
| cul-de-sac | Region in the lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus. |
| embryo | Stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks. |
| endometrium | Inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus. |
| estrogen | Hormone produced by the ovaries; promotes female secondary sex characteristics. |
| fallopian tube | One of a pair of ducts through which the ovum travels to the uterus. |
| fertilization | Union of the sperm cell and ovum from which the embryo develops. |
| fetus | Stage in prenatal development from 8 to 39 or 40 weeks. |
| fimbriae (singular: fimbria) | Finger- or fringe-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes. |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum). |
| gamete | Male or female sexual reproductive cell; sperm cell or ovum. |
| genitalia | Reproductive organs; also called genitals. |
| gestation | Period from fertilization of the ovum to birth. |
| gonad | Female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones; ovary or testis. |
| gynecology | Study of the female reproductive organs including the breasts. |
| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | Hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating (-tropin) the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone. |
| hymen | Mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina. |
| labia | Lips of the vagina; labia majora are the larger, outermost lips, and labia minora are the smaller, innermost lips. |
| lactiferous ducts | Tubes that carry milk within the breast. |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | Hormone produced by the pituitary gland; promotes ovulation. |
| mammary papilla | Nipple of the breast. A papilla is any small nipple-shaped projection. |
| menarche | Beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce. |
| menopause | Gradual ending of menstruation. |
| menstruation | Monthly shedding of the uterine lining. The flow of blood and tissue normally discharged during menstruation is called the menses (Latin mensis means month). |
| myometrium | Muscle layer of the uterus. |
| neonatology | Branch of medicine that studies the disorders and care of the newborn (neonate). |
| obstetrics | Branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth. |
| orifice | An opening. |
| ovarian follicle | Developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary. Only about 400 of these sacs mature in a woman's lifetime. |
| ovary | One of a pair of female organs (gonads) on each side of the pelvis. Ovaries are almond-shaped, about the size of large walnuts, and produce egg cells (ova) and hormones. |
| ovulation | Release of the ovum from the ovary. |
| ovum ( plural: ova) | Mature egg cell (female gamete). Ova develop from immature egg cells called oocytes. |
| parturition | Act of giving birth. |
| Perineum | In females, the area between the anus and the vagina. |
| pituitary gland | Endocrine gland at the base of the brain. It produces hormones to stimulate the ovaries. |
| placenta | Vascular organ that develops in the uterine wall during pregnancy. It serves as a communication between maternal and fetal bloodstreams. |
| pregnancy | Condition in a female of having a developing embryo and fetus in her uterus for about 40 weeks. |
| progesterone | Hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women. |
| puberty | Point in the life cycle at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced. |
| uterine serosa | Outermost layer surrounding the uterus. |
| uterus | Hollow, pear-shaped muscular female organ in which the embryo and fetus develop, and from which menstruation occurs. The upper portion is the fundus; the middle portion is the corpus; and the lowermost, neck-like portion is the cervix |
| vagina | Muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. |
| vulva | External female genitalia; includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice. |
| zygote | Stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation to 2 weeks. |
| amni/o | amnion |
| cervic/o | cervix, neck |
| chori/o, chorion/o | chorion |
| colp/o | vagina |
| culd/o | cul-de-sac |
| episi/o | vulva |
| galact/o | milk |
| gynec/o | woman, female |
| hyster/o | uterus, womb |
| lact/o | milk |
| mamm/o | breast |
| mast/o | breast |
| men/o | menses, menstruation |
| metr/o, metri/o | uterus |
| my/o, myom/o | muscle, muscle tumor |
| nat/i | birth |
| obstetr/o | pregnancy and childbirth |
| o/o | egg |
| oophor/o | ovary |
| ov/o | egg |
| ovari/o | ovary |
| ovul/o | egg |
| perine/o | perineum |
| phor/o | to bear |
| salping/o | fallopian tubes |
| uter/o | uterus |
| vagin/o | vagina |
| vulv/o | vulva |
| -arche | beginning |
| -cyesis | pregnancy |
| -gravida | pregnant |
| -parous | bearing, bringing forth |
| -rrhea | discharge |
| -salpinx | fallopian (uterine) tube |
| -tocia | labor, birth |
| -version | act of turning |
| dys- | painful |
| endo- | within |
| in- | in |
| intra- | within |
| multi- | many |
| nulli- | no, not, none |
| pre- | before |
| primi- | first |
| retro- | backward |
| carcinoma of the cervix | Malignant cells within the cervix (cervical cancer). |
| cervicitis | Inflammation of the cervix. |
| carcinoma of the endometrium (endometrial cancer) | Malignant tumor of the uterus (adenocarcinoma). |
| endometriosis | Endometrial tissue located outside the uterus. |
| fibroids | Benign tumors in the uterus. |
| ovarian carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma). |
| ovarian cysts | Collections of fluid within a sac (cyst) in the ovary. |
| pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | Inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region |
| carcinoma of the breast (breast cancer) | Malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts). |
| fibrocystic disease | Numerous small sacs of fibrous connective tissue and fluid in the breast. |
| abruptio placentae | Premature separation of the implanted placenta. |
| choriocarcinoma | Malignant tumor of the placenta. |
| ectopic pregnancy | Implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location |
| multiple gestation | More than one fetus inside the uterus. |
| placenta previa | Implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus. |
| preeclampsia | Abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache. |
| Down syndrome | Chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes. |
| erythroblastosis fetalis | Hemolytic disease in the newborn (HND) caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus. |
| hyaline membrane disease | Acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn. |
| hydrocephalus | Accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain. |
| meconium aspiration syndrome | Abnormal inhalation of meconium (first stool) produced by a fetus or newborn. |
| pyloric stenosis | Narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum. |
| Pap test | Microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix. |
| pregnancy test | Blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG. |
| hysterosalpingography (HSG) | X-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material. |
| mammography | X-ray imaging of the breast. |
| breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI | Technologies using sound waves and magnetic waves to create images of breast tissue. |
| pelvic ultrasonography | Recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region. |
| aspiration | Withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction. |
| cauterization | Destruction of tissue by burning. |
| colposcopy | Visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope. |
| conization | Removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix. |
| cryosurgery | Use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue. |
| culdocentesis | Needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac. |
| dilation (dilatation) and curettage (D&C) | Widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus. |
| exenteration | Removal of internal organs within a cavity. |
| laparoscopy | Visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope (laparoscope). |
| tubal ligation | Blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring. |
| abortion (AB) | Spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own. |
| amniocentesis | Needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis |
| cesarean section | Surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus. |
| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | Sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis. |
| fetal monitoring | Continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to reduce fetal distress during labor. |
| in vitro fertilization (IVF) | Egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization. |
| pelvimetry | Measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis. |
| AB | abortion |
| AFP | alpha-fetoprotein—high levels in amniotic fluid of fetus or maternal serum indicate increased risk of neurologic birth defects in the infant. |
| ASCUS | atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance—the Pap smear is abnormal but does not meet the criteria for a specific lesion. |
| AUB | abnormal uterine bleeding |
| BRCA1 BRCA2 | breast cancer 1 and 2—genetic mutations associated with increased risk for breast cancer |
| BSE | breast self-examination |
| CA 125 | protein marker elevated in ovarian cancer (normal range of values is 0 to 35) |
| C-section | cesarean section |
| CIN | cervical intraepithelial neoplasia |
| CIS | carcinoma in situ |
| CS | cesarean section |
| CVS | chorionic villus sampling |
| Cx | cervix |
| D&C | dilation (dilatation) and curettage |
| DCIS | ductal carcinoma in situ; a precancerous breast lesion that indicates a higher risk for invasive ductal breast cancer |
| DES | diethylstilbestrol—an estrogen compound used in the treatment of menopausal problems involving estrogen deficiency; if administered during pregnancy, it has been found to be related to subsequent tumors in the daughters of mothers so treated. |
| DUB | dysfunctional uterine bleeding |
| ECC | endocervical curettage |
| EDC | estimated date of confinement |
| EMB | endometrial biopsy |
| FHR | fetal heart rate |
| FSH | follicle-stimulating hormone |
| G | gravida (pregnant) |
| GnRH | gonadotropin-releasing hormone—secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland |
| GYN | gynecology |
| HCG | human chorionic gonadotropin |
| HDN | hemolytic disease of the newborn |
| HPV | human papillomavirus |
| HRT | hormone replacement therapy |
| HSG | hysterosalpingography |
| IUD | intrauterine device; contraceptive |
| IVF | in vitro fertilization |
| LAVH | laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy |
| LEEP | loop electrocautery excision procedure |
| LH | luteinizing hormone |
| LMP | last menstrual period |
| LSH | laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy |
| multip | multipara; multiparous |
| OB | obstetrics |
| OCPs | oral contraceptive pills |
| para 2-0-1-2 | a woman's reproductive history: 2 full-term infants, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, and 2 living children |
| Pap test | Papanicolaou smear—test for cervical or vaginal cancer |
| Path | pathology |
| PID | pelvic inflammatory disease |
| PMS | premenstrual syndrome |
| primip | primipara; primiparous |
| RDS | respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn |
| TAH-BSO | total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy |
| TRAM flap | trans–rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap—for breast reconstruction |
| UAE | uterine artery embolization |
| VH | vaginal hysterectomy |
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