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Chapter 18
Endocrine system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adenectomy | Removal of a gland. |
| Adenohypophysis | Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. |
| Adrenal cortex | Outer section of each adrenal gland. |
| Adrenalectomy | Removal of an adrenal gland. |
| Adrenaline | Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine. |
| Adrenal medulla | Inner section of each adrenal gland. |
| Adrenocorticotropic | Secretion from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex ACTH. |
| Adrenocorticotropin | Adrenocorticotropic hormone; ACTH. |
| Adrenopathy | Disease of the adrenal glands. |
| Aldosterone | Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salt and water balance. |
| Androgen | Male hormone responsible for developing and maintaining male secondary sex characteristics. |
| Antidiuretic hormone | Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes water re-absorption by the kidney. |
| Calcitonin | Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; lowers calcium levels in the blood. |
| Catecholamines | Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine (adrenaline) is an example. |
| Corticosteroid | Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; cortisol and aldosterone are examples. |
| Cortisol | Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates the use of sugars, fats, and proteins in cells. Cortisol raises blood sugar. |
| Electrolyte | Substance that, in solution, carries an electric charge; examples are sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca++) and chloride (Cl-). |
| Endocrinologist | Medical specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine gland disorders. |
| Epinephrine | Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure. |
| Estradiol | Estrogen secreted by the ovaries. |
| Estrogen | Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex in both males and females. |
| Estrogenic | Pertaining to the producing of female characteristics or having the same effect as estrogen. |
| Euthyroid | Normal functioning of the thyroid gland. |
| Fasting blood sugar | Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 4 hours. This test can diagnose diabetes mellitus. |
| Follicle-stimulating | Secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; |
| hormone | stimulates ovarian follicles to produce egg cells. |
| Glucagon | Hormone secreted by the pancreas (alpha islet cells); increases blood glucose (sugar) by conversion of glycogen to glucose. |
| Glucocorticoid | Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; cortisol is an example. It raises blood sugar. |
| Glycemic | Pertaining to blood sugar. |
| Glycogen | Animal starch; glycogen is broken down (glycogenolysis) to produce sugar (glucose). |
| Glycosuria | Sugar in urine. |
| Gonadotropin | Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and acting on the ovaries or testes. |
| Growth hormone | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; somatotropin. It stimulates the growth of bones and soft tissues. |
| Homeostasis | Tendency in an organism to return to a state of constancy and stability. |
| Hormonal | Pertaining to a hormone. |
| Hormone | Chemical secreted by an endocrine gland. |
| Hypercalcemia | High levels of calcium in the bloodstream; often due to hyperparathyroidism. |
| Hypercalciuria | High levels of calcium in urine. |
| Hyperglycemia | High levels of sugar in the blood. |
| Hyperthyroidism | Increased secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. |
| Hypocalcemia | Low levels of calcium in the blood. |
| Hypoglycemia | Low levels of sugar in the blood |
| Hypogonadism | Deficient functioning of the gonads (ovaries or testes). |
| Hypoinsulinism | Deficient production of insulin (pancreatic hormone). |
| Hypokalemia | Low levels of potassium in the blood. |
| Hyponatremia | Low levels of sodium in the blood. |
| Hypophysectomy | Removal of the pituitary gland. |
| Hypophysis | Pituitary gland. |
| Hypopituitarism | Deficient secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. |
| Hypothalamus | Region of the brain lying below the thalamus, but above the pituitary gland. It stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete and release hormones. |
| Insulin | Hormone secreted by the beta islet cells of the pancreas. Insulin helps sugar leave the blood and enter cells. |
| Luteinizing hormone | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the ovaries to release eggs (ovulation) and produce hormones. |
| Mineralocorticoid | Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body. Aldosterone is an example. |
| Neurohypophysis | Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; secretes oxytocin and vasopressin. |
| Norepinephrine | Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases blood pressure as part of the fight or flight reaction. It is a sympathomimetic. |
| Oxytocin | Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth. |
| Pancreas | Endocrine (islet cells) and exocrine (enzyme producing cells) gland behind the stomach. |
| Pancreatectomy | Excision of the pancreas. |
| Parathormone | Secreted by the parathyroid glands; regulates calcium in the blood. |
| Parathyroidectomy | Removal of parathyroid glands. |
| Parathyroid glands | Four small endocrine glands on the posterior side of the thyroid gland. |
| Pineal gland | Small endocrine gland in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin. |
| Pituitary gland | Endocrine gland at the base of the brain; anterior and posterior lobes secrete hormones. |
| Polydipsia | Excessive thirst. |
| Progesterone | Hormone secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy. |
| Prolactin | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion. |
| Receptor | Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone to elicit a response by the targeted tissue. |
| Sella turcica | Cavity in the base of the skull; contains the pituitary gland. |
| Somatotropin | Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; growth hormone. |
| Steroid | Complex substance related to fat (sterols; many hormones are steroids (estrogens, androgens, cortisol, aldosterone). |
| Sympathomimetic | Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system; adrenaline and norepinephrine are sympathomimetic hormones. |
| Target tissue | Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones. |
| Testosterone | Hormone secreted by the testes |
| Tetraiodothyronine | Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that increases body metabolism; thyroxine (T4). |
| Thyroid gland | Endocrine gland in the neck on either side of the trachea. |
| Thyroiditis | Inflammation of the thyroid gland. |
| Thyrotropin | Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones. Also called thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH. |
| Thyroxine | Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland to increase body metabolism (T4). |
| Triiodothyronine | Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland (contains three atoms of iodine); stimulates body metabolism; T3. |
| Vasopressin | Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water. Also called antidiuretic hormone or ADH. |
| Acromegaly | Enlargement of extremities due to increased secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. |
| Addison disease | Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex; decreased secretion of aldosterone and cortisol. |
| Adrenal virilism | Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens. |
| Cretinism | Hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leading to a lack of normal physical and mental growth. |
| Cushing syndrome | Group of symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex; obesity, hyperglycemia, excess fat deposition in the body. High levels of exogenous cortisol (cortisone administration) can produce similar results. |
| Diabetes insipidus | Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin); signs are polyuria and polydipsia. |
| Diabetes mellitus | Lack of insulin secretion (Type 1) or improper utilization of insulin by cells (Type 2) leading to a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in cells. |
| Dwarfism | Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. |
| Endemic goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet. |
| Exophthalmometry | Exophthalmometry Measurement of eyeball protrusion. |
| Exophthalmos | Protrusion of the eyeball (proptosis); symptom of hyperthyroidism. |
| Gastroparesis | Loss of motility of the stomach muscles, occurring as a long-term secondary complication of diabetes mellitus. |
| Gigantism | Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues. |
| Glucose tolerance test | Measures the glucose levels in a blood sample taken at various intervals from a patient who has previously ingested glucose. |
| Goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland. |
| Graves disease | Hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis. This is the most common type o fhyperthyroidism. |
| Hirsutism | Excessive hair growth. |
| Hyperinsulinism | Increased secretion of insulin from the beta islet cells of the pancreas. |
| Hyperparathyroidism | Increased secretion of parathormone from the parathyroid glands. |
| Hypoparathyroidism | Decreased secretion of parathormone from the parathyroid glands. |
| Hypothyroidism | Decreased secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. |
| Ketoacidosis | High levels of acids (ketones) in the blood; occurring in diabetes mellitus (type 2) when cells burn high levels of fats (producing ketones) because sugar is not available as fuel. |
| Myxedema | Hypofunctioning of the thyroid gland in adults. |
| Nodular goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to growth of nodules (adenomas) on the thyroid gland. |
| Panhypopituitarism | Deficiency of all pituitary gland hormones |
| Pheochromocytoma | Tumor of cells of the adrenal medulla; cells stain a dark (phe/o) or dusky color (chrom/o). |
| Radioactive iodine uptake | Test to measure the amount of radioactive iodine taken up by the thyroid gland; indicator of thyroid gland function. |
| Syndrome of inappropriate ADH | Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) leading to water retention. |
| Tetany | Constant muscle contractions; associated with hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism. |
| Thyroid carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the thyroid gland. |
| Thyroid function tests | Measurement of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the bloodstream. |
| Thyroid scan | Administration of a radioactive compound and visualization of the thyroid gland with a scanning device. |
| Thyrotoxicosis | Hyperthyroidism (overactivity of the thyroid gland). |
| aden/o | gland |
| adren/o | adrenal glands |
| adrenal/o | adrenal glands |
| gonad/o | sex glands |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| parathyroid/o | parathyroid gland |
| pituitar/o | pituitary gland, hypophysis |
| thyr/o | thyroid gland |
| thyroid/o | thyroid gland |
| andr/o | male |
| calc/o, calci/o | calcium |
| cortic/o | cortex, outer region |
| crin/o | secrete |
| dips/o | thirst |
| estr/o | female |
| gluc/o | sugar |
| glyc/o | sugar |
| home/o | sameness |
| hormon/o | hormone |
| kal/i | potassuum (an electrolyte) |
| lact/o | milk |
| myx/o | mucus |
| natr/o | sodium |
| phys/o | growing |
| somat/o | body |
| ster/o | solid structure |
| toc/o | childbirth |
| -agon | assemble, gather together |
| -emia | blood condition |
| -in, -ine | a substance |
| -tropin | stimulation the function of |
| -uria | urine condition |
| eu- | good, normal |
| hyper- | excessive, above |
| hypo- | deficient, below, under, less than normal |
| oxy- | rapid, sharp, acid |
| pan- | all |
| tetra- | four |
| tri- | three |
| type 1 diabetes | the type of diabetes in which the pancreas produces no or very little insulin; often diagnosed in childhood, although some cases arise in adulthood |
| type 2 diabetes | disease that occurs when the inculin produced by the pancreas does not appear to function. |
| computed tomography scan | cross sectional x-ray images of the pituitary gland and other endocrine organs |
| magnetic resonance imaging | Magnetic and radio waves create an image of an organ three planes of the body. The brain and spinal cord can be imaged to detect lesions. |
| radioactive iodine uptake scan | RAI; test thyroid function by measuring glands ability to concentrate and retain iodine |
| thyroid scan | test in which a radioactive iodine is administrated that localizes in the thyroid gland. the gland can then be visualized with a scanning device to detect pathology such as tumors |
| ultrasound examination | sound waves show images of endocrine organs |
| AIC | blood test that measures glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to assess glucose control |
| ACTH | Adrenocorticotropic hormone; a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex, |
| ADH | antidiuretic hormone; hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus; antidiuretic hormone, antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin |
| BGM | blood glucose monitoring |
| BMR | basal metabolic rate - an indicator of thyroid function, but not in current use |
| Ca++ | calcium, an important electrolyte |
| CGMS | continuous glucose monitoring system - senses and records blood glucose levels |
| DI | diabetes insipidus |
| DKA | diabetes ketoacidosis |
| DM | diabetes mellitus |
| FBG | fasting blood glucose |
| FBS | fasting blood sugar |
| FSH | follicle-stimulating hormone |
| GH | growth hormone |
| GTT | glucose tolerance test- measures the ability to respond to a glucose load; test for diabetes mellitus |
| HbA1c (test) or HBAIC | test for the presence of glucose attached to hemoglobin (glycosylated hemoglobin test); a high level indicates poor glucose control in diabetic patients |
| hCG or HCG | human chorionic gonadotropin |
| ICSH | interstitial cell-stimulating hormone |
| IIDDM | insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus; type 1 diabetes |
| IGF | insulin-like growth factor - also called somatomedin (produced in liver, stimulates bone growth) |
| K+ | Potassium- an important electrolyte |
| LH | Luteinizing hormone; ovulation and egg release, maturation of egg, release of testosterone in males. |
| MDI | multiple daily injection - also known as basal/bolus. It is a diabetes management regimen |
| Na+ | Sodium- an important electrolyte |
| OT | oxytocin |
| PRL | prolactin |
| PTH | parathyroid hormone (parathormone) |
| RAI | radioactive iodine - treatment for Graves disease |
| RAIU | Radioactive iodine up-take test |
| SIADH | syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (secretion) |
| STH | Somatotrophin- growth hormone |
| T3 | triiodothyronine (thyroid hormone) |
| T4 | Thyroxine-Tetraiodothyronine |
| TFT | thyroid function test |
| TSH | thyroid-stimulating hormone; secreted by the anterior pituitary gland |
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