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HST303 C10 K
China, Japan & East Asia in World History - Chapter 10: Korea
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| __ years of Japanese rule had created deep divisions within Korean society. | 40 |
| Most notably, Japan’s support of the landed class and its economic policies had led to massive tenancy and, as a result, an explosive potential for rural _____ _____ awaited liberation. | class conflict |
| Active and passive complicity with the colonial state by many Koreans—especially _____ _____ —compromised as “collaborators” a significant portion of Korea’s elites. | educated urbanites |
| The evaporation of the Japanese _____ left a power vacuum in Korea, bitterly contested by numerous pretenders to national leadership. | empire |
| Korea lacked a unified _____ movement or a clearly transcendent _____ who might have unified the broad spectrum of contending political forces and negotiated with the defeated Japanese and victorious Allied powers. | nationalist; leader |
| On the contrary, colonial rule had left a legacy of political _____. | factionalism |
| Political factionalism opened the way for numerous segments of the _____ movement, representing political views from extreme left to extreme right, to compete for leadership. | nationalist |
| Members of the coalition nationalist government in exile, newly organized as the _____ _____ _____ (KPG), were accompanied by elements of the Korean Restoration Army. | Korean Provisional Government |
| Syngman Rhee came home from the United States without a domestic political base, basing his legitimacy on name recognition and a 40-year record as _____ _____. | exile leader |
| In the north, Kim Il Sung, who had led one of the Korean _____ _____ based in Manzhouguo, returned sometime in September 1945. | guerrilla groups |
| Koreas’ domestic conflict was compounded by foreign occupation; the _____ _____ in the south and _____ in the north. | United States; USSR |
| Governor-General Abe had only a _____’s notice of the home government’s decision to surrender. | week |
| Governor-General Abe immediately sought out _____ Korean leaders to act as conduits for the transfer of power. | moderate |
| Governor-General Abe first approached Song Chinu, a prominent moderate nationalist leader not compromised by _____. | collaboration |
| Fearing that working with the Japanese would damage his political future, _____ refused to lead during the transfer of power. | Song |
| On the morning of August 15, Abe approached a moderate leftist, Yŏ Unhyŏng, who agreed to organize a coalition to accept the surrender and guarantee the safety of the Japanese _____. | population |
| _____ had impeccable nationalist credentials, a long history of service to nationalist causes, and while sympathetic to Korean communists he had never joined the Communist Party. | Yŏ |
| The KPR leadership attempted to bridge the divide between the right and left , but its first political program outlined a decidedly _____ agenda. | progressive |
| The KPR’s 27-point platform guaranteed civil rights—speech, association, and religion—and _____ _____ for _____. | equal rights for women |
| The KPR’s 27-point platform proposed _____ of major industries, communications, railways, and shipping. | nationalization |
| The KPR’s 27-point platform provided for the confiscation of the lands of Japanese & “national traitors” (collaborators), to be distributed without payment to peasants who would cultivate them; and it limited agricultural rent to __ percent of the crop. | 30 |
| Until the arrival of the US occupying force _____ _____ after Japan’s surrender, the KPR continued to forge alliances with other groups in the cities. | three weeks |
| The arrival of US forces on September 8 under General _____ __ _____, commander of the XXIV Corps from Okinawa, began what became an occupation of Korea south of the 38th parallel of latitude and a new intrusion of foreign power into Korean affairs. | John R. Hodge |
| The origins of the decision that the United States and USSR would jointly occupy Korea lay in discussions between _____, _____, and the _____ during the Cairo Conference of December 1943. | England, China, and the United States |
| The Cairo Conference established a principle of _____ for Japan’s colonial possessions, the ultimate independence of which would be granted, in the now-famous diplomatic phrase, “in due course.” | trusteeship |
| Meetings of the Allied leaders, including Stalin, at Yalta and Potsdam in early ____ reaffirmed the concept of trusteeship. | 1945 |
| US strategists negotiated in July to bring the USSR into the _____ _____ with Japan, making the Soviets relevant to the disposition of Japan’s territories after its defeat. | final battles |
| At Yalta, the United States conceded occupation of _____ and Korea to Stalin. | Manchuria |
| After the atomic bombs and Japan’s sudden, unanticipated surrender, US negotiators moved to limit Soviet involvement in Korea—what one historian calls America’s “_____ _____ _____ _____.” | first act of containment |
| On August 10–11, with Soviet troops already moving onto the peninsula, the Americans proposed a joint occupation, with the USSR occupying the north and the United States the south, the two zones divided by the _____ _____. | 38th parallel |
| In assigning the 38th parallel to divide US and Soviet zones, we find a rare historical moment—a _____, _____ decision spawned an aftermath of terrible import, in this case for the Korean people. | Single; identifiable |
| During a meeting in DC, Colonel Bonesteel, commander of US forces in Korea (late 1960s), & Major Rusk, secretary of state in the Kennedy administration, were given an ____ to create a boundary for the proposed US–USSR occupation. | hour |
| Using a small wall map, the two men settled on the 38th parallel, placing Seoul, along with most of Korea’s _____ _____ and _____ _____ and two-thirds of its population, under US jurisdiction. | light industry; agricultural production |
| The almost casual, hurried decision to use the 38th parallel sowed the first seed of long-term _____ of the Korean peninsula. | division |
| To the surprise of many American leaders, Stalin _____ the 38th parallel. | accepted |
| Nothing could have stopped a complete Soviet takeover of Korea, and forward units of the Red Army had already reached the environs of _____, only to be recalled behind the newly created demarcation line. | Seoul |
| From ____ until ____, we thus must recognize Korea’s division into northern and southern zones of occupation. | 1945 until 1948 |
| The economic and _____ policies of USAMGIK reflected its reliance on conservative Koreans. | social |
| While providing some tenant relief in the form of _____ _____, USAMGIK refused to consider comprehensive land reform in its first years. | rent controls |
| Under USAMGIK, laws also limited _____ _____, for Hodge and his advisers considered them hotbeds of communist agitation. | labor unions |
| The policies of the KPR in the north were decidedly revolutionary, most notably a sweeping _____ _____. | land reform |
| The KPR nationalized large-scale industry, though small factories continued under _____ ownership. | private |
| Within several months of liberation, two very different _____ took shape on the peninsula. | occupations |
| While the idea of trusteeship implied that a _____, _____ Korean government would ultimately emerge, the joint occupation structure created obstacles to this process from the very beginning. | single, unified |
| By the end of 1945, the elements had been put in place for the evolution of separate _____ on the peninsula. | states |
| Koreans had never imagined a separate-states outcome, for it resulted from the growing animosity between the United States and USSR and a _____ of political forces around each occupier. | polarization |
| The Soviet recognition of the People’s Committees and their usurpation by the Korean communists, the thorough-going land reform, and the early _____ reform program had laid the groundwork for Korean communist dominance in the north. | progressive |
| Hodge’s decisions to abolish the People’s Committees by force, not to recognize the KPR, and to establish a military government favorable to _____ and _____ interests anticipated the emergence of a conservative Korean regime in the south. | landed; business |
| The _____ governments also worked to resolve the Korean situation. | Allied |
| The December 1945 Moscow Agreement between Great Britain, the United States, and the USSR attempted to create a roadmap for Korea’s future and the _____ of _____ forces. | withdrawal; occupation |
| The Moscow Agreement established: a provisional Korean ____ government; a ____ ____ (composed of US & Soviet representatives) to aid in the formation of such a government; & a ____-____ trusteeship over Korea by the US, the USSR, Great Britain, & China. | democratic; Joint Commission; five-year |
| Initially, Korean _____ and communists alike denounced the Moscow Agreement, particularly trusteeship. | conservatives |
| In time the communists embraced the Moscow Agreement plan, using the south’s _____ as a pretext to maneuver them out of representative bodies in the north. | opposition |
| The _____ _____, a nice idea on paper, had little chance for success, given the rivalry between the occupiers. | Joint Commission |
| Through 1946 and 1947, the Joint Commission foundered on Soviet and US _____ over a host of issues. | disagreement |
| During the Joint Commission impasse, both Syngman Rhee and his conservative allies in the south and Kim Il Sung and the Korean communists in the north continued their _____ of political power. | consolidation |
| By the summer of ____, all the ingredients for a separate southern Korean government were in place. | 1947 |
| The military government created a Representative Democratic Council, with _____ _____ at its head. | Syngman Rhee |
| Eventually, USAMGIK inched toward the creation of a separate South Korean government by establishing an _____ _____ _____ _____. | Interim Korean Representative Assembly |
| With the Joint Commission at an impasse due to US–Soviet rivalry, the United States brought the Korea question to the new _____ _____. | United Nations |
| In Feb 1948, the General Assembly of the UN gave the US a mandate to establish a United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea to conduct the ____ of a national assembly that could form a unified gov't & negotiate the withdrawal of all occupation forces. | election |
| The Koreans in the _____ rejected the idea of elections. | north |
| UNTCOK scheduled its election for May 10, ____. | 1948 |
| The north refused _____ access, so the election proceeded only in the south. | UNTCOK |
| The outcome of the 1948 election established a _____ _____, which elected Syngman Rhee its chairman. | National Assembly |
| The National Assembly adopted a new _____ establishing the Republic of Korea (ROK) with, not surprisingly, Rhee as its first president. | constitution |
| In response, a _____ _____ _____ met on September 3, 1948 in Pyongyang to ratify a constitution; it elected Kim Il Sung premier and Pak Hŏnyŏng vice premier of a new government, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). | Supreme People’s Assembly |
| The late summer of 1948 saw the establishment of two formal Korean states, the _____ in the south and the _____ in the north. | ROK; DPRK |
| 38th parallel: That line of convenience separating occupying powers had become a _____ _____. | national border |
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