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HST303 - Lec5
China, Japan & East Asia in World History - Lecture 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| At the end of the age of division, the _____dynasty (581 – 618) took control of northern China. | Sui |
| The Sui dynasty was originally an aristocratic family - it gained the throne through strategic _____ and _____. | Marriage; assassination |
| When the Sui dynasty took control, Southern China was weakened from _____ a few decades earlier. | Rebellions |
| The Sui dynasty prepared 8 years for the invasion of the _____ territories, but the invasion force captured southern capital in less than a month. | Southern |
| The Sui dynasty capital was located in the same place as modern-day _____. | Xi-an |
| The Sui dynasty ordered the _____ to be completely destroyed. | Capital |
| _____ in China with Southern China was achieved in 589 | Reunification |
| 611 – Completion of the “_____ _____” = manmade waterway linking Yangzi River to Yellow River | Grand Canal |
| The Grand Canal helped unify the Chinese world through making economic and cultural _____ much faster, easier, and safer. | Exchange |
| The Sui dynasty suffered from over-extension of _____ resources | Imperial |
| Simultaneous expansion to the South and North/Northwest at the same time as the invasion of the far south into modern-day _____ caused the Sui dynasty to lose considerable part of their southern force to tropical disease | Vietnam |
| In 612 the Sui dynasty had an unsuccessful attack on _____ | Koguryo |
| The Sui army was unable to obtain sufficient supplies. Many _____ and most _____ during the retreat. | Starved; died |
| Further invasion plans by the Sui dynasty were handicapped by _____ _____. | Domestic rebellion |
| Common people under the Sui dynasty experienced desperation caused by _____ and _____. | Taxation; draft |
| The Sui dynasty fell when both _____ _____ [who led the rebellions] and commoners rebelled. | Government officials |
| _____ _____, Duke of Tang, cousin of the last Sui emperor rebelled after he had to save the emperor in battle, and he set up Tang dynasty [ascended to the throne]. | Li Yuan |
| According to the _____ _____ _____, the last Sui emperor having to be saved in battle was considered a failure and bad government, so it was legitimate for the next dynasty to take over. The emperor was killed by his own people. | Mandate of Heaven |
| There was a long transition period from the Sui to Tang dynasty due to _____ _____ across the empire | Rebel bands |
| The early Tang had strong _____ and military power | Political |
| At the end of the Sui empire there was a formation of a _____ Chinese cultural zone. | Homogenous |
| During Tang times, the culturally diverse groups that had developed through the Age of Division were integrated into the Chinese mainstream, and outsider groups adopted Chinese _____ and languages. | Culture |
| Some of the _____ from the Tang dynasty virtually completely disappeared and eventually became extinct. | Languages |
| Many of the outsider groups’ _____ and _____ habits became part of Chinese culture when they were integrated into the Chinese mainstream during Tang Times. | Social; cultural |
| The Tang Empire significantly improved the country’s _____. | Infrastructure |
| The Tang Empire established 1,639 _____ _____ along main roads leading to the capital to improve communication - that was really a grand network for those times. | Post stations |
| The Tang Empire organized the _____ of editions of Confucian classics. | Standardization |
| During the Tang Empire, printed _____ became widely available. | Calendars |
| During the Tang Empire, every province was ordered to build a _____temple and hold seasonal sacrifices--which became a hallmark of traditional Chinese civilization--and in 624 to establish _____ in every province and county. | Confucian; schools |
| In addition to state schools, there were _____ schools | |
| During the Tang Empire, _____ became relatively widespread. | Literacy |
| Contemporary _____ was recited by most of the classes within the empire, and a lot of the lyrics that survived had been written by _____ rather than by noblemen. | Poetry; commoners |
| During the Tang Empire, literacy transcended _____ boundaries. | Class |
| Education was still geared towards _____ _____ examination, which became more _____ during Tang times. | Civil service; egalitarian |
| Prior to Tang times, a recommendation from a _____-_____ person had been necessary in addition to passing the examination. | Well-respected |
| Prior to Tang times, those who passed civil service exams were ranked according to their _____, so those from elite families received the best positions. | Recommendations |
| The system of recommendation was already dropped under Sui dynasty, but under Tang dynasty _____ examinations were introduced. | Anonymous |
| Anonymous exams were somewhat limited because of additional required skills: Speaking ability, calligraphy, deportment, sound judgment, but also, _____ _____ - to leave a reason to reject brilliant applicants that they didn’t want. | Physical appearance |
| The Tang exam system had its critics and its limitations, but it promoted _____ social and political order. | Meritocratic |
| The Tang exam system was a powerful force for cultural _____. | Homogenization |
| Under the Tangs, China had become a thoroughly _____ country. | Buddhist |
| Once under the Sui and 4 times under the Tang - repeated imperial orders to establish networks of _____ temples across the empire. | Buddhist |
| The Sui and Tang orders for a network of Buddhist temples included an obligation to perform services for the _____ family. | Imperial |
| Under the Tang, there were always other religious traditions in China. _____ remained an individual choice. | Belief |
| By Tang times, Buddhism had become distinctly _____. | Chinese |
| Permanent monasteries had been established – some had become complex tax-exempt economic institutions, which included: Estates, _____, and pawnshops. | Slaves |
| Chinese Buddhist abbots chose a successor and handed down monastic property to them, establishing _____ lines of succession within the temples. | Patriarchal |
| The patriarchal lines of succession and slight variations in _____ helped to generate Buddhist sects. | Doctrine |
| During Tang times, _____ boundaries really remained very fluid within China. | Sectarian |
| Chinese domestication of Buddhism also resulted in Creation of Chan Buddhism (_____ in Japanese and Son in Korean). | Zen |
| The main idea of Chan Buddhism was to awaken _____ around you, rather than escape from the world to nirvana. | Reality |
| Chan Buddhism had a focus on _____, which is what Chan essentially means. | Meditation |
| Chan Buddhists argued that it was useless to study scriptures since ultimate _____ cannot be put into words. | Truth |
| Despite the _____ of Buddhism, many important connections to India and the Indian origin of Buddhism remained. | Localization |
| _____ Buddhism arrived in China during the Tang era. | Tantric |
| In the early 7th century, the various Tibetan tribes unified as the creation of the Tibetan empire under king _____ _____. | Songtsen Gampo |
| The creation of the Tibetan empire was the emergence of distinct Tibetan _____. | Civilization |
| The new Tibetan empire adopted the _____ writing system using Sanskrit. | Indian |
| For the Tibetan emperor, _____ were given from both China and Nepal. | Brides |
| The Tibetan Empire became a great rival for the _____ empire as it conquered the _____ dominated areas to the west. | Tang; Tang |
| _____ allies started to play a role in Central and East Asian warfare, and with them came the arrival of Islam in central Asia. | Arab |
| There is a lot of conflict between _____ in western China and the majority population. | Muslims |
| After 842, the Tibetan empire began to break up due to internal disputes. This power vacuum was filled by a new _____ empire. | Turkic |
| The Tang dynasty was weakened through rebellion and _____ within the empire. | Intrigue |
| Most of the Tang military was under control of _____ frontier commands, which eventually led to the end of Tang dynasty in 907. | Independent |
| With the fall of the Tang dynasty came much _____ and slaughter of Chinese people by non-Chinese forces on both rebel and loyalist sides. | Looting |
| With the fall of the Tang dynasty, for the first time China was surrounded by organized, _____ threatening states. | Militarily |
| During the downfall of the Tang dynasty, many _____ were forming and changing. | Realms |
| The Korean kingdoms experienced continued _____ influence. | Chinese |
| Korean Buddhist monks went to China to study and brought with them upon return influences such as clothing and the Tang _____. | Calendar |
| Early 7th century - all three kingdoms sent envoys requesting _____military assistance against the other two. | Chinese |
| The Tang empire had long-standing problems with the kingdom of _____, and their inability to defeat them by invasion inspired them to form an alliance with kingdom of Silla. | Koguryo |
| 660 – Capital of kingdom of _____ was captured by combined Tang and Sillan forces. | Paekche |
| _____became involved on behalf of Paekche prince at their court by proclaiming him as the new king. They launched an expedition to restore him to his kingdom. | Japanese |
| In a great battle in 663, Tang and Sillan navies sank around __ Japanese warships, ending Japanese influence for nearly a millennium. | 400 |
| _____ had disintegrated internally and was conquered by Tang-Sillan alliance in 668. | Koguryo |
| The Tang-Sillan alliance led to _____ of Korean peninsula under kingdom of Silla. | Unification |
| Following the Tang-Sillan alliance, Tang relocated many [as much as 5% of] Koguryo inhabitants to _____ populated regions of China. | Sparsely |
| A notable number of people from Koguryo and Paekche and their descendants successfully advanced in the Tang _____. | military |
| The Tang empire wanted to integrate Korean peninsula into the empire, but the _____ force crumbled – it couldn’t maintain control over the resistance. | Occupation |
| By 676 – Silla expelled Tang forces for the first time and for the first time the peninsula was unified under _____ rule. | Native |
| Sillan society was based on a hierarchical system of ‘_____-_____’, kolp’um. | Bone-rank |
| In Sillan society there were numerous important aristocratic families who made up a _____ of nobles which appointed the ruler. | Council |
| In Sillan society, a person’s _____-_____ determined highest rank a person could achieve. | Bone-rank |
| In Sillan society, a person’s bone-rank determined the _____ that had to be worn. | Clothing |
| In Sillan society, a person’s bone-rank determined maximum size of _____ that could be owned. | House |
| 788 – first Chinese style civil service _____ were held, but the role remained very limited in Silla’s warrior culture. | Examinations |
| Modern Korean language is most likely derived from _____, which gradually had become the shared language after the unification of the peninsula. | Sillan |
| The Sillan state weakened from 800 onward: 901 to 935 – briefly divided into three old kingdoms once again after numerous ______. | Revolts |
| In 935 the three Sillan state kingdoms reunified as the kingdom of _____, an abbreviation of Koguryo. | Koryo |
| The name Koryo is also the origin of the English word “_____”, which is still used. | Korean |
| When the expansion of the Sui dynasty threatened the Korean peninsula, _____ court initialized direct contact with Sui and Tang China at the beginning of the 7th century. | Yamamoto |
| Over the years, Yamamoto court dispatched __ embassies to China. | 5 |
| The Yamamoto court laid claim to _____ or _____ imperial status. | Equal; superior |
| An address of the 607 Yamamoto embassy to the Sui emperor read: “From the Sun of Heaven in the place where the sun _____, to the Sun of Heaven in the place where the sun _____” clearly indicating an equality. | Rises; sets |
| To consolidate their power, the Japanese court pushed for _____ of the empire, mainly driven by fear of invasion from Tang China. | Centralization |
| After the _____ of members of the powerful Soga family, centralization came on the way. | Assassination |
| During their involvement in Tang/Sillan – Paekche war, Imperial Japan lost about 400 boats & __ men. | 10,000 |
| After the Tang/Sillan – Paekche war, Imperial Japan adopted a policy of _____. | Isolation |
| Imperial Japan set up an office on _____ to regulate international contact, and for the first time, to completely close off Japanese borders. | Kyushu |
| Despite isolationism, many of the policies and administrative structures that were set up in Japan were inspired by _____ style imperial institutions. | Chinese |
| Imperial Japan adopted the _____ title. | Emperor |
| Imperial Japan introduced Chinese style _____ codes. | Legal |
| Imperial Japan set up a state council with 8 _____ and 46 _____ [very similar to those in China]. A hierarchy of provinces, districts, and villages was also established throughout the empire. | Ministries; bureaus |
| 670 –_____ registration began for the purposes of taxation, military conscription, and farmland allocation [very similar to what was happening in China]. | Household |
| After the 670 household registration, a _____ was supposed to be held every 6 years. | Census |
| Imperial Japan’s new Capital city of _____ was built 708 – 712. | Nara |
| In Imperial Japan an academy for study of Confucian classics, _____, law, and mathematics was established. | Calligraphy |
| In Imperial Japan, _____ achievements did not imply access to government positions. | Academic |
| In Imperial Japan there was very little chance of _____ through education and merit as there had been in China. | Advancement |
| Provincial schools in Imperial Japan struggled to find instructors, and teaching positions at the academy had become largely _____. | Hereditary |
| When one academy burned down in the 12th century in Imperial Japan, it was not _____. | Reopened. |
| Eventually the practice of _____ became sponsored by the state in Imperial Japan. | Buddhism |
| In 752 a huge, bronze _____ was built in Nara. It was nearly 64 feet high. | Buddha |
| A few decades after the construction of a 64-foot-high Buddha, a monk brought _____ Buddhism, Shingon in Japanese, to Japan. | Tantric |
| 794 – Japan’s capital moved to Heinan, modern day _____. | Kyoto |
| By 10th century, Japanese centralized imperial government was severely weakened (happened slowly), and the new class of provincial warriors, the _____, was rising. | Samurai |
| After the Tang threat diminished, Japan’s _____ army and farmland allocation had been allowed to lapse. | Conscript |
| After the Tang threat diminished, eventually the Japanese central government stopped _____ the countryside altogether and left it to local warriors. | Policing |
| As a result of the Japanese central government’s weakened state, powerful nobles set up private _____, which were often exempt from taxation and other government excise. They were the ones who would form the new bases of power in Japan. | Estates |
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