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SEM2 WHH Review
World History 2nd Semester Review
| Topic | Data |
|---|---|
| Industrial Revolution | Period when products went from man-made to machine made in factories; people moved to cities; entrepreneurs sought new markets to sell their goods; middle-class grew in size and power |
| Industrialization | the use of machinery for manufacturing |
| Causes and effects of 2nd Agricultural Revolution (c.1700) | CAUSES: altered growing seasons due to climate changes; population growth; increased need for food; EFFECTS: improved efficiency; mechanization; increased crop yields; urbanization |
| Causes and effects of Enclosure Movement | Occurred in England; lands held in “common” for use by villagers became privately owned and fenced off; townspeople no longer allowed to farm land or graze animals; facilitated urbanization |
| Factors of production | All resources required to produce an economic good: raw materials, labor (workers) and their skills, tools and money |
| Mechanization | Production characterized by large-scale use of labor saving (workers/wages) machinery and/or robotics |
| Factories | Buildings used to house machinery and workers in the production of goods |
| Spinning jenny | 1764, James Hargreaves; textile industry machine which spun many threads at the same time |
| Flying shuttle | 1733, John Kay; device used in weaving to “fly” threads back and forth in a loom |
| Water frame | 1769, Edward Arkwright; a spinning machine that can be powered by water |
| Strikes | An organized work stoppage intended to force an employer to address union/worker demands |
| Urbanization | The move of people from rural areas to cities (urban centers) |
| Child labor | School-aged (5 to 15 years) workers; legal until late 1800s |
| Working Conditions during the Industrial Revolution | Long hours and low wages; hazardous working conditions: cause injury, maiming, chronic illness or death; factory working due to mechanization of farming |
| Collective bargaining | Negotiation between an employer and a labor union to develop a contract stipulating wages, hours, working conditions, etc. |
| Worker’s compensation | Wages and benefits paid to injured workers while they recover; nonexistent during the Industrial Revolution |
| Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations | Laissez-faire: unregulated exchange of goods and services ; “the invisible hand” no government involvement in the free market; free market would produce more goods at lower prices |
| Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto, 1848 | German philosopher; scientific socialism; struggle between social classes would lead to classless society; founder of communism; proletariat: working class, “have-nots”; bourgeoisie: business owners, “haves”, upper and middle-class |
| Conservatives | Person who believes in the value of established and traditional practices in politics and society; marked by moderation or caution; not accepting of rapid change |
| Liberals | Person who believes in progress; stand for the protection of political and civil liberties; considers government as a crucial instrument for amelioration of social inequities of race, gender or class, etc. |
| Radicals | Person who embraces significant and often rapid change in political ideas and behavior even to the point of violence |
| Simon Bolivar | Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Bolivia; fought for liberation from European control in the New World |
| Jose de San Martin: | Argentina; fought for liberation from European control in the New World |
| Causes and effects of Latin American Independence | CAUSES: European domination; Enlightenment ideas; nationalism; social injustices; Napoleon invades Spain; EFFECTS: Toussaint L’Ouverture, Bolivar, San Martin, lead successful revolts; colonial rule ends; independence; work to achieve stable democratic gov |
| Otto von Bismarck | Chancellor of Germany under King William I ; Unify Germany through careful use of politics called realpolitik |
| Count Camillo Cavour | Monarchist worked for the unification of Italy; died before unification complete |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | Italian nationalist; with weapons and two ships from Camillo Cavour gain control of southern Italy |
| Causes and effects of imperialism (Africa, India, Asia | CAUSES: guns, germs and steel; Industrial Revolution; Gold-God-Glory; nationalism; new markets; social Darwinism; EFFECTS: aboriginal resistance; religious conversions; exploited resources: raw materials, human rights (slavery); building of infrastructure |
| Spheres of influences in China | Coastal areas Europeans claimed for exclusive investment or trading privileges without Chinese approval; British: Chang River valley; French: Indochina; Germany and Russia: Northern China |
| Berlin Conference | 1884 Meeting of European powers; divided African territory among European powers; no African representation |
| Suez Canal | Man-made waterway connecting Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea (Northeast Africa/Egypt); originally Egyptian; Egypt defaulted on loans and Britain bought controlling interest ; cut travel time between Europe and East Asia |
| The Opium War | Great Britain traded opium for tea with China; large numbers of Chinese addicted; Chinese government press Britain to stop; Great Britain won the war |
| Tokugawa Shogunate | Tokugawa (family name) Shogunate (supreme military dictator); 1603, Japan, reimposed centralized feudalism, close Japan to foreigners and forbade Japanese travel overseas; over 200 years of isolation–economic growth occurred, some suffered from isolation |
| Meiji Restoration | Reign of Japanese Emperor Mutsuhito (15 years old) a.k.a. Meiji (1868–1912); motto: “a rich country, a strong military.”; delegations to Western countries to study culture and adapted politics and economics to the needs of the Japanese |
| Total War | All available resources of the country are spent on the war effort |
| Stalemate | Deadlock; no advantageous advance available in a war (chess reference) |
| Western Front | During World War I the fighting line in Europe located west of Germany and Austria-Hungary; characterized by trench warfare |
| Rationing | Limit consumption of consumer goods to ensure there are enough supplies like food or gas for the military |
| Role of Propaganda | To promote one’s cause or damage an opposing cause; motivate military mobilization; encourage loans to the government |
| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare | Germany’s use of submarines to sink any non-German military or civilian vessel during World War I |
| Treaty of Versailles | June 1919, treaty to end World War I; gave full blame did Germany; required excessive reparations to be paid by Germany; Germany relinquished territories to France or to become independent states |
| Causes of Russian Revolution -March and November 1917 | Political, economic and social problems which followed the revolution of 1905; drain of resources from World War I; the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II |
| Vladimir Lenin | Revolutionary leader of the Bolshevik party; Communist leader of United Soviet States of Russia (USSR); seized and maintained power through military might and violence |
| Causes of World War I | Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand; militarism; alliance systems, imperialism and nationalism |
| Nationalism | Action and emotion related to the love of one’s country |
| Apartheid | South Africa, 1936; an official government policy of rigid segregation; white minority held political power and oppressed black majority and other ethnic minorities |
| Boycott | To refuse to buy, use, or participate in (something) as a way of protesting with the goal of effecting change |
| Mahatma Gandhi | India, 1920s ; leader of the Indian National Congress party; advocated for independence of India from Britain; embraced nonviolent resistance including civil disobedience (refusal to obey unjust laws), boycott of British goods |
| Government Reactions to the Great Depression (Britain/France/United States | BRITAIN: 3 party coalition gov, unemployment benefits; FRANCE: mid-1930s, decreased production increased unemployment, enacted social programs; USA: FDR’s New Deal–economic/social programs, aid to farmers, Social Security, banking/stock market regulation |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist dictator of Italy prior/during WWII |
| Totalitarian State/ totalitarianism | One-party dictatorship which regulates every aspect of its citizens |
| Fascism | Extreme nationalism; centralized, authoritarian government, not communist; policies glorify the state over the individual: large families, heavy military; destructive to basic human rights: violent enforcement |
| Joseph Stalin | Totalitarian dictator of Soviet Union; Used violent purges to maintain order through fear |
| Five-Year Plans | Stalin’s plan for USSR; Created a government controlled (command) economy; Built heavy industry: oil, coal, steel; improved transportation: railroad; farm collectives: to increase farm output; generally successful except collectives |
| Adolf Hitler | Fascist dictator of Nazi Germany prior/during WWII; Anti-Semitic |
| Inflation in Germany | General increase in prices caused by inability to pay ; WWI reparation payments and the excess printing of money to pay workers |
| Third Reich’s influence over German life | 1930s, Germany a totalitarian state; rearm Germany and built up troop numbers; dealt with any opposition with violence and/or coercion; anti-Semitism Nuremberg laws restricting Jewish freedoms; restricted religious practices; censored communications |
| Anti-Semitism | Prejudice against Jews |
| Lebensraum | Territory believed especially by Nazis to be necessary for national existence or economic self-sufficiency; living space |
| Appeasement | Giving in to pacify an aggressor; Britain and France used toward Hitler by giving him the Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia |
| Francisco Franco | 1936, Spain; conservative general turned nationalist revolutionary turned Fascist leader ; aided by Hitler and Mussolini |
| Blitzkrieg | Nazi war strategy which used surprise and quick moving acts to overwhelm their opponent included repeated bombings of Great Britain |
| Invasion of Poland | Germany and the Soviet Union takeover of Poland; ignited World War II |
| The Holocaust | 1933-1945, The Nazis massacre of 6+ million Jews ; 6+ million non-Jews were killed as well |
| Causes and effects of Japan’s quest for natural resources | CAUSES: desire for natural resources but mainly to build the Japanese Empire in Asia, extreme militarism ; EFFECTS: gross brutality, enslavement, killing and torture of those conquered; U.S. embargo of war goods to Japan |
| Atomic bombs | Nuclear, most devastating weapon of the time; United States bombed Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 which hastened Japanese surrender |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; alliance formed after World War II between the United States and western European countries |
| Warsaw Pact | Soviet Union response to NATO; alliance formed between communist countries and East Europe |
| Causes of World War II | Rise of the Nazi party in Germany; hardships of the Great Depression; German nationalism; revenge for the Treaty of Versailles/WWI reparations |
| Berlin Wall | Wall built around Western Berlin by the Communists East Germans to prevent emigration of East Germans to democratic West Berlin; located in the middle of East Germany |
| Iron Curtain | The tensions created in the midst of the Cold War by the clash of the United States and Soviet Union’s ideologies |
| Nuclear Weapons | Atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs; capable of mass destruction with a single warhead |
| Great Leap Forward | Mao Zedong’s attempt to advance Chinese culture and economy quickly by establishing backyard industries and agricultural communes |
| Proxy wars-Vietnam/ Afghanistan | During the Cold War; conflicts supported by the United States and the Soviet Union on opposing sides in locations other than their own soil |
| Ho Chi Minh | Communist nationalist who fought the Japanese during WWII and the French to liberate Vietnam |
| Cambodian Genocide | 1970s, perpetrated by the Cambodian Khmer Rouge under Pol Pot; enslaved and killed 1 million Cambodians |
| Glasnost | Late 1980s, Soviet Union under Gorbachev; “openness”, and of censorship and encouragement to people to discuss the country’s problems in an effort to find a solution; led to the end of the Soviet Union |
| Perestroika | Late 1980s, Soviet Union under Gorbachev; restructuring of the government and economy to incorporate some free market reforms; led to the end of the Soviet Union |
| Revolts in Eastern Europe | East Berlin, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia; Occurred as a prelude to the dissolution of the Soviet Union; glasnost facilitated drive of nationalist movements |
| Causes of Post-WWII colonial independence | Colonies financial and bureaucratic drain on Imperial countries; Nationalist movements within the colonies |
| Creation of Israel | 1948, partially in response to Holocaust; Jewish homeland formed out of the British Palestine mandate; United Nations took land from Palestine displacing Palestinians |
| Israeli-Palestinian conflict | Began 1948, in response to the establishment of Israel and the displacement of Palestinians |
| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) | 1960 to present, oil cartel originally Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Venezuela; later Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Angola and Gabon; set member oil production levels to secure fair prices and oil supply |
| Impact of Ethnic Cleansing | Around the world – millions dead ; for those lucky enough to escape there are millions of refugees |
| Balkans—1990s | Eastern Mediterranean states; 1990s, Yugoslavia – violent split into separate states based on ethnic populations; Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and hers ago via, Montenegro, and Macedonia |
| World’s response to Ethnic Cleansing | Often slow to respond as many genocides occur within the sovereignty of a single country (i.e. Rwanda); Failed to stop most incidences; refugee camps for those who escape |
| Genocide | The deliberate killing of people who belong to a particular racial, political, or cultural group |
| Rwanda Genocide | 1990s, 800,000 dead, mostly Tutsis but also sympathizing Hutus; Conflict between two ethnic groups the Hutu majority and the Tutsi minority ; differences in cultural traditions but spoke the same language |
| Darfur | The Sudan, 1.5 million dead; ethnic and religious conflict between Arab Muslims in the north and the non-Muslim, non-Arab and some Christians in the South; 2005 – peace deal after 20 years of civil war; 2011 – southern Sudan voted for independence |
| Iran-Iraq War | 1980 Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein; Iraq seized disputed Iraq-Iran border region ; Iraq and Iran attacked oil tankers and oil fields; United States Navy went in to protect shipping lanes |
| Impact of AIDS in Africa | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; millions dead; orphaned children; loss of skilled and productive workers; |
| Tiananmen Square | Protesters gathered here in 1989 to demand more freedom from the Chinese government; troops killed or wounded thousands |
| One-child policy | China; Limited urban families to a single child and rural families to two children; goal to keep population growth from hurting economic development; enforced with fines and other penalties |
| Green Revolution | a series of research, and development, and technology transfer initiatives that increased agricultural production worldwide; particularly in the developing world; beginning in the late 1960s. |
| European Union | free trade union among European countries; evolved since 1957 from a six member union (European Economic Community) to now 27 member EU countries; 2002, established the euro, a common currency, to facilitate trade; has created some political connections |
| Globalization | The process by which national economies, politics, cultures, and societies become integrated with those of other nations around the world |
| Outsourcing | The practice of sending work to the developing world in order to save money or increase efficiency |
| Protectionism | The use of tariffs and other restrictions that protect the country’s home industries against international competition |
| Sustainability | Development that balances people’s needs today while preserving the environment for future generations |
| Terrorism | The systematic use of fear through violence as a means of coercion and to gain power |
| Impact of Satellites | Thousands circle the earth; uses include communications (TV, telephone and data), observation (scientific research, weather forecasting and military) and global positioning system (GPS) navigation |
| Internet | aka World Wide Web; began 1970s with the military; 1990s gain commercial use; by 2000 – a gigantic network, linking individuals, governments, and businesses around the world; by 2010 – most powerful communication tool, a growing “necessity” |
| Genetic Engineering | The manipulation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) material to produce specific results; research to use on plants and animals; cloning, modifications to eliminate disease or attain specific traits |
| NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement; 1993, created a free-trade zone between the United States, Canada and Mexico; eliminated tariffs on over 10,000 goods; cannot override national and state environmental, health, or safety laws |
| Chemical Warfare | Use of lethal chemicals to kill one’s enemies; variations of chemicals have been used throughout time |
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PHS-DK
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