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World History
Semester 2 Study Guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Middle Ages | era in European history that followed the fall of the roman Empire, from 500-1500. Also called medieval period. |
| The Franks are | Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul and established a great empire during the Middle Ages |
| Monasteries | religious community of men who have given up their possessions to devote themselves to a life of prayer and worship |
| Secular | concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters |
| Charlemagne (also knows as Charles the Great) was | ruled the Frankish kingdom after his dad, Pepin the Short, died. |
| Charlemagne's empire fell apart because | upon his death, his kingdom fell |
| Pepin the Short | greatest leader of the Frankish kingdom |
| Papal States | were territories in the Italian peninsula |
| Vikings (also known as Northmen or Norsemen) were | warriors mostly but were also traders, farmers, and explorers |
| The English called the Vikings | Deands |
| The Europeans called the Vikings | Northmen |
| Feudalism | political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that belonged to their king |
| Feudalism developed because | the king needed the nobles loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land |
| Lord | a person who controlled land and cold therefore grant estates to vassals |
| Vassal | a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services |
| Fief | an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system |
| Knights | an armored warrior who fought on horseback |
| Serfs | a medieval peasant legally bound to live on a lord's estate |
| Manor | lord's estate in feudal Europe |
| The obligations of the Vassals are | shuttle service between vassals and lords |
| Tithe | a family's payment of one-tenth of its income to a church |
| Chivalry | a code of behavior for knight's in medieval Europe, stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty, and devotion |
| Page | knight's attendant, learned manners |
| Squire | knight's assistant, accompanies a knight into battle |
| Tournaments | a mock battle between groups of knights |
| Troubadours | medieval poet and musician who traveled from place to place, entertaining people with songs of courtly love |
| Clergy | body of officials who perform religious services like priest, minister or rabbi |
| Sacraments | one of the Christian ceremonies in which God's grace is transmitted to people |
| Canon Law | body of laws governing the religious practices of a Christian church |
| Excommunication | the taking away of a person's right of membership in a Christian church |
| Interdict | an ecclesiastical censure that excludes from certain rites of the church |
| Lay investiture | the appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles |
| Simony | the selling or buying of a position in a Christian church |
| Gothic | relating to a style of church architecture that developed in medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches, and tall spires. |
| Crusades | one of the expeditions of medieval Christian warriors |
| The purpose of the Crusades | was to recover control of the Holy Land from the Muslims |
| The Crusades were against | the Muslims |
| Inquisition | Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy, specifically the one in Spain in the 1400's |
| Crusade results were | they kept failing to get the Holy land,. Kings power is increased and the church powers increase also. Trade increased. |
| Military advances that came from the Crusades? | the military improvements , crossbow, carrier, catapult |
| Other changes because of the Crusades? | relations with the Muslim leadership worsened for Jews in Europe. the Crusades led to the growth of trade, towns, and universities in medieval Europe. |
| Usury | the lending or practice of lending money at an exorbitant interest |
| Guild | medieval association of people working at the same occupation , which controlled its members wages and prices |
| Merchant Guild | create monopolies, keep prices and quality high |
| Craft Guild | skilled artisans regulate wages, working conditions, set procedures for training new members |
| Apprentice | work for a master to learn trade. Parents pay for training for 2-7 years, live with a master, |
| Journeyman | work for a master to learn a trade. Work for a master to earn a salary. Work 6 days a week. Needs to product a masterpiece to become a master |
| Commercial Revolution | the expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries |
| Vernacular Language | the everyday language of their homeland |
| Dante | Author of Divine Comedy |
| Chaucer | Author of the Canterbury Tales |
| Where were the four great universities? | 1) Paris 2) Bologna, Italy 3) Oxford 4) Slaveno??? |
| Scholastics | scholars who gathered and taught at medieval European universities |
| Common Law | unified body of law formed from rulings of England's royal judges that serves as the basis for law in many English-speaking countries today, including the US |
| Magna Carta | "Great Charter" , a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John in AD 1215 |
| Parliament | body of representatives that makes laws for a nation |
| Great Schism | division in the medieval Roman Catholic Church, during which rival popes were established in Avignon and in Rome |
| How did the Bubonic Plague reach Europe? | it started in Asia, spread to Italy and the rest of Europe |
| What did the Bubonic Plague do to the population of Europe? | population decreases, trade declines, prices increase, and church status weakens |
| Name two new weapons that were used for the first time in the 100 Years' War? | 1) Long Bow 2) Cross Bow |
| Joan of Arc | French peasant girl who hears in visions of saints |
| Renaissance | period of European history, lasting from about 1300 to 1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world. |
| Humanism | Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements. |
| Secular | concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters |
| Patrons | person who supports artists, especially financially |
| Perspective | artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface |
| Leonardo da Vinci | painter, sculptor, inventor, and a scientist |
| Michelangelo | painter, sculptor, architect, and post |
| Johann Gutenberg | developed the first printing press |
| William Shakespeare | people regarded him as the greatest playwright of all time |
| Thomas More | wrote a book called Utopia about a place that had no war or fighting |
| Utopia | imaginary land described by Thomas More in his book, utopia-- an ideal place |
| Machiavelli | author who wrote The Prince to help find out about power??? |
| Reformation | a 16th century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the pope's authority |
| Indulgences | a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin |
| The Reformation began in | Germany |
| Martin Luther | teacher, taught scripture the University of Wittenburg in the German state of Saxony |
| Peace of Augsburg | 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler |
| Protestant | member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation |
| Anglican Church | The king wanted to get remarried. he made a law that the king is the leader instead of the pope. He called his new church the Anglican Church |
| The Anglican Church was formed | because the king wanted a divorce and the Catholic church did not allow it |
| Annul | to cancel or set aside |
| John Calvin | taught that salvation was predestined |
| Predestination | the doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved |
| Theocracy | government in which the ruler is viewed as a divine figure, government controlled by religious leaders |
| Huguenots | Calvin's followers |
| Anabaptists | a member of a Protestant group that believed in baptizing only those persons who were old enough to decide to be Christian and believed in the separation of church and state |
| Catholic Reformation | movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation |
| Council of Trent | meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers |
| Compass | instrument that describes the directions, invented by the Chinese |
| Astrolabe | a brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off in degrees |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | the nations most enthusiastic supporter of exploration |
| Barolomeu Dias | Early Portuguese explorer, explained his motives to serve God and his majesty to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as any man desires to. |
| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. he began exploring the east African coast |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Spain and Portugal agreed to honor the line of Demanceattors??? |
| Christopher Columbus | is a Genoese sea captain |
| Christopher Columbus sailed for | Spain |
| Christopher Columbus found | the Bahamas in the Caribbean |
| Amerigo Vespucci | Italian explorer traveled along the East coast of South America. he claims that the land a new world. A German mapmaker names the new continent "America" in honor of Amerigo Vespucci |
| Vasco Nunez de Balboa | marched through modern day panama and had became the first European to gaze upon the Pacific Ocean |
| Ferdinand Magellan | led the boldest exploration |
| Hernando Cortes | Spaniard and landed on the shores of Mexico |
| Conquistadors | the Spanish explorers who followed Cortes' |
| Aztecs | Cortes had a group to fight Aztecs |
| Mestizo | a person of mixed Spanish and native American ancestry |
| Juan Ponce de Leon | Spanish explorer. Landed on the coast of modern day Florida and claimed it for Spain |
| Samuel de Champlain | French explorer, sailed up the St. Lawrence with about 32 colonists |
| New France | Quebec, which became the base of France's colonial empire in North America |
| Jamestown | The colonies claims the land theirs and named it in honor of their king |
| Pilgrims | founded a second English colony |
| Which two countries began the slave trade? | 1) Portugal 2) Africa |
| Triangular Trade | the transatlantic trading network along which slaves and other goods were carried between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in the Americas |
| Middle Passage | the voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies, and later to North and South America, to be sold as slaves; it was the middle leg of the triangular trade |
| Capitalism | economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit |
| Joint-Stock Company | a business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, then share the profits |
| Mercantilism | an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought |
| Favorable Balance of Trade | economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad |
| Absolute Monarch | a king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society |
| Divine Right | idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God |
| Edict of Nantes | a 1598 declaration in which the French king Henry IV promised that Protestants could live in peace in France and could set up houses of worship in some French cities |
| Louis XIV | most powerful French leader, became king in 1643 after his father died |
| Louis XIV's other name | Sun King |
| Louis XIV's major accomplishments | weakened the power of the nobles and he strengthened France's economic status |
| Intendants | A French government official appointed by the monarch to collect taxes and administer justice |
| Versailles | palace |
| War of Spanish Succession | the long war to keep France and Spain from joining power |
| Thirty Years' War | conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families |
| Who dominated the first half of the Thirty Years' War? | Hapsburgs |
| Who dominated the second half of the Thirty Years' War? | Adolpfus |
| Hapsburgs | one of the most important royal houses of Europe |
| Peace of Westphalia | ended the 30 years war |
| Boyars | land owning noble in Russia |
| Peter the Great visited western European countries because | He was fascinated by the modern tools and machines. He had a passion for ships and the sea. |
| Westernization | adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western countries, specifically the US |
| Charles I | son of James I, took the throne after his death |
| English Civil War | war in 1642-1649 where Puritan supporters o parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy |
| Oliver Cromwell | puritan general and ruler who tolerated all Christians except Catholics |
| Charles II | brother of Charles I, brought back London monarchy, lead to pass by Habeas Corpus |
| Restoration | period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government |
| Habeas Corpus | document requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court or judge so that it can be decided whether his or her imprisonment is legal |
| Glorious Revolution | bloodless overthrow of of King James II |
| William and Mary | new rulers of England, vowed to recognize Parliament as their partner in governing |
| Cabinet | group of advisors or ministers chosen by the head of a country to help make government decisions |
| Geocentric Theory | in the Middle Ages, the earth-centered view of the universe in which scholars believed that the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe |
| Scientific Revolution | a major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500's, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs |
| Heliocentric Theory | the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun |
| Galileo Galilei | Italian scientist built on the new theories about Astronomy |
| Scientific Method | a logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world, in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypothesis |
| Isaac Newton | English physicist and mathematician who helped to bring together their breakthroughs under a single theory of motion |
| William Harvey | English physician, reveals how the human heart functions |
| Robert Hooke | English natural philosopher architect and mathemetician |
| Robert Boyle | Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor who discovers mathematical relationship between the pressure and volume of gases, knows as Boyle's Law |
| Enlightenment | an 18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society |
| Social Contract | the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government |
| Thomas Hobbes | English Philosopher |
| John Locke | philosopher who believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves; people were born with 3 equal natural rights: life, liberty and property |
| Philosophes | a group of social thinkers in France during the Enlightenment |
| Salons | a social gathering of intellectuals and artists, like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment |
| Encyclopedia | book that helped spread Enlightenment ideas to educate people all over Europe |
| Denis Diderot | philosophe who developed the encyclopedia |
| Enlightened Despot | one of the 18th century European monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of subjects |
| Catherine the Great | other wise know as Catherine II, ruler of Russia |
| Thomas Jefferson | author of the Declaration of Independence, from Virginia |
| George Washington | First US president |
| Federal System | a system of government in which power is divided |
| Bill of Rights | amendments that protected basic rights as freedom of speech, press, assembly and religion |
| The 3 Branches of Government | 1) Judicial Branch 2) Executive Branch 3) Legislative Branch |
| Judicial Branch | interpret and review laws |
| Legislative Branch | makes the laws |
| Executive Branch | carries out the laws |
| Old Regime | is made up of three separate estates: First Estate, Second Estate, and Third Estate |
| First Estate | clergy of Roman Catholic Church; scorned Enlightenment ideas |
| Second Estate | rich nobles; held highest offices in the government, disagreed with Enlightenment ideas |
| Third Estate | bourgeoisie, urban lower class, and peasant farmers, had no power to influence government, embraced Enlightenment ideas; resented the wealthy First and Second Estates |
| Bourgeoisie | The middle class with reference to materialistic values or conventional attitudes |
| Estates General | an assembly of representatives from all three estates to approve this new tax |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man included | Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, and Freedom of Press |
| Emigre | a person who leaves their native country for political reasons, like the nobles and others who fled France during the peasant uprisings of the French Revolution |
| Jacobins | prominent club members |
| Danton | lawyer known for his devotion to the rights of Paris's poor people |
| Robespierre | Jacobin leader who wanted to build a "republic of virtue" by wiping out every trace of France's past |
| Committee of Public Safety | chief task was to protect the Revolution from its enemies. |
| Conscription | compulsory enlightenment for state service, typically into the armed forces |
| Reign of Terror | the period from mid-1793 to mid-1794, when Robespierre ruled Franc nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed |
| Napoleon | short military leader who ruled France in 1799 |
| Coup d' etat | a sudden seizure of political power in a nation |
| Concordat | a formal agreement especially drawn up between the pope and a government, dealing with the control of Church affairs |
| Napoleonic Code | comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon |
| Continental System | Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy |
| Nationalism | belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation, the people they share a culture and history instead of to a ,king or empire |
| Scorched Earth Policy | practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land |
| What happened to Napoleon in Russia? | he surrendered because his troops wanted to stop fighting |
| What happened to Napoleon at Waterloo? | He was exiled to an island |
| 4 principles of Congress of Vienna | 1) Legitimacy 2) Balance of Power 3) Weaken France 4) compensation |
| Legitimacy | the hereditary right of a monarch to rule |
| Reactionaries | A revolutionary person |
Created by:
Pechacek
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