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Chapter 9 p282-311
World History CP - Chapter 9: Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pope | the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church (p.287) |
| monk | a man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate himself to God; monks live in monasteries headed by abbots (p.288) |
| missionary | a person sent out to carry a religious message (p.288) |
| Nun | a woman who separates herself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate herself to God; nuns live in convents headed by abbesses (p.288) |
| Anglo-Saxon | Germanic tribes from Denmark and northern Germany, Angles and the Saxons, became the Anglo-Saxons after settling in Britain after the Romans left |
| Clovis (p.286) | a strong military leader who around 500 became the first Germanic ruler to convert to Christianity (p.286) |
| St. Benedict (p.288) | founded a community of monks, he wrote a set of rules: The Benedictine Rule came to be used by other monastic groups. Each day was divided into series of activities, emphasis on prayer and manual labor, idleness was "the enemy of the soul" (p.288) |
| Charlemagne (p.289-290) | Charles the Great, became king of the Frankish kingdom after his father, Pepin, died. He was a determined, decisive, pious Christian, power grew as he expanded the kingdom, became the Carolingian Empire, grew in prestige as most powerful Christian ruler. |
| Pepin (p.289) | one of the mayors of the palace, who were the chief officers of the king's household, who gradually took over power. Pepin was the son of Charles Martel, the leader who defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours in 732. |
| What is the significance of Clovis's conversion to Christianity? (p.286) | Clovis found that his conversion to Christianity gained him the support of the Roman Catholic Church. The Catholic Church was eager to obtain the friendship f a major ruler in the Germanic states. |
| Describe how monks lived and the types of work they did. (p.288) | communal life: ate, worked, slept and worshiped together; prayed 7x/day, vow of poverty; social workers in community, provided schools, hospitality for travelers, hospitals for sick,taught peasants carpentry/weaving, passed on improvements in agriculture |
| What was the importance of te coronation of Charlemagne as the Roman Emperor? (p.290) | the coronation symbolized the coming together of Roman, Christian, and Germanic elements. A Germanic king had been crowned emperor of the Romans by the pope, the spiritual leader of western Christendom. A new civilization had emerged. |
| feudalism (p.293) | a political and social system where a powerful lord would offer protection in return for service |
| vassal (p.293) | a man who served a lord in a military capacity |
| knight (p.293) | heavily armored cavalry, had great social prestige and formed the backbone of the European aristocracy |
| fief (p.294) | a grant of land made to a vassal; vassals who held fiefs came to hold political authority within them. |
| feudal contract (p.294) | unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and vassal |
| chivalry (p.295) | a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold; knights were expected to treat captives as honored guests instead of putting them in dungeons, should fight only for glory and not for material rewards (in addition to their oath to defend the church) |
| Explain the idea of "vassalage". (p.294) | vassal performed military service to lord; made payments when lord's eldest son was knighted, eldest daughter married, or paid ransom if captured; lord protected vassal militarily or in court |
| Why was land the most important gift a lord could give a vassal? (p.294) | a grant of land enabled a vassal to become a lord of other vassals while still being loyal to his own lord |
| common law (p.298) | law that was common to the whole kingdom (replaced law codes that varied from place to place) |
| Magna Carta (p.299) | feudal document; written recognition of mutual rights and obligations in the lord and vassal relationship; strengthened the idea that a monarch's power was not absolute and kept English monarchs from ever becoming absolute rulers. |
| William of Normandy (p.298) | crowned King of England after he defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings; Norman knights received parcels of land as fiefs, made them swear an oath of loyalty to him as sole ruler of England; |
| Battle of Hastings (p.298) | On October 14, 1066, an army of heavily armed knights under William of Normandy landed on the coast of England and soundly defeated King Harold and his foot soldiers. William was then crowned King of England. |
| Henry II (p.298-299) | enlarged power of the English monarchy during his reign from 1154 to 1189; expanded power of royal courts, taking power away from local courts, common law began to replace law codes that varied from place to place. |
| Thomas a' Beckett (p.299) | archbishop of Canterbury and the highest ranking English cleric, claimed that only Roman Catholic courts could try clerics; murdered by four knights at urging of King Henry II; Henry backed down in his struggle with the church because of public outrage. |
| Mongols (p.301) | conquered Russia in the thirteenth century; occupied Russian lands and required Russian princes to pay tribute to them. |
| Alexander Nevsky (p.301) | prince of Novgorod, defeated German invading army in northwestern Russia in 1242. The khan, leader of western Mongol Empire rewarded him with the title of grandprince. His descendants became princes of Moscow and eventually leaders of all Russia. |
| What happened in 1066AD and why do historians consider it a turning point in history? (p.p.298) | the Battle of Hastings; a foreign leader, William of Normandy, ruled England caused merging of Anglo-Saxon and French created a new English culture. |
| Why is the Magna Carta considered one of the most important documents in the Middle Ages? (p.299) | it greatly reduced the power held by the King of England and allowed for the formation of a powerful parliament. The Magna Carta became the basis for English citizen's rights. |
| patriarch (p.305) | the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, originally appointed by the Byzantine emperor |
| schism (p.305) | a separation between two branches of Christianity, Eastern Orthodox Church and Catholic Church of the West, has not been completely healed to this day; caused by Eastern Orthodox Church unwilling to accept pope's claim he was sole head of Christian faith |
| infidels (p.306) | an unbeliever; a term applied to the Muslims during the Crusades to liberate Jerusalem and the Holy Land (Palestine)from the Muslims |
| Justinian (p.304) | became emperor of Eastern Roman Empire in 527; reestablished Roman Empire in Mediterranean by 552; contributed codification of Roman law, The Body of Civil Law-basis of imperial law in Eastern Roman Empire until 1453; also basis for legal system in Europe |
| Seljuk Turks (p.305-306) | moved into Asia minor, became main source of food and workers; in 1071 Turkish army defeated Byzantine forces and Alexius I turned to Europe for military aid because of the threat of the Seljuk Turks against the Byzantine Empire |
| Saladin (p.307-308) | with Muslim forces he gained control of the Holy City of Jerusalem in 1187; negotiated a settlement with Richard I of England that permitted Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem in 1189. |
| Pope Urban II (p.306) | urged Christians to take up their weapons and join in a holy war at request of Council of Clermont in southern France near end of 1095; promised God's forgiveness of sins if killed by pagans in battle |
| Why was Constantinople one of medieval Europe's greatest centers of commerce? (p.305) | chief center for exchange of products between West and East;arrived in Constantinople then shipped to Mediterranean area and northern Europe; Europeans desired silk-China, spices-southeast Asia,jewelry/ivory-India, wheat/furs-Russia, flax/honey-Balkans |
| What was the purpose of the Crusades and how successful were they? | military expeditions for European Christians to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims; |
| What factors motivated Europeans to participate in the Crusades? | religious fervor, immediate forgiveness of sins if they died in battle; adventure; fighting; opportunity to gain territory, riches and possibly a title; new trading opportunities |
Created by:
ldorso
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