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Prevention
Clinical Medicine: Prevention
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Most important determinant of prevention | Continuous evaluation and development of procedures (follow up) |
| Most common causes of morbidity and mortality in the US are | Preventable chronic disease |
| 1 out of the top 10 causes of mortality and morbidity are NOT preventable...which one? | 1) Alzheimers disease |
| The extent of harm of a disease or injury with an individual burden and societal burden | Morbidity |
| T/F: Prevention makes financial sense | True, preventative measures are usually cheaper. There is a price to prevention, so do make sure to compare the cost of prevention with the value of benefit gained. |
| Ideal setting for preventative care? Why? | Primary care! Best patient contact and interviewing/best relationships w/patients |
| T/F: We stratify patients into risk categories to modify or eliminate risk factors | True; Age Gender Race Economic status Employment Genetics Geographic location |
| What is a QALY? | Quality Adjusted Life Year; based on number of years of life that would be added by intervention |
| 3 key steps for prevention in primary care | 1) Know and recognize risk factors in individuals 2) Recognize propensity of population to acquire and observe prevalence in population 3) Interview families to find any additional risk factors |
| Intervention that helps a person who is healthy avoid disease and injury | Primary prevention |
| 1 example of a action to protect against disease and 1 example of preventing injury | Disease: Fluoride in drinking water; Injury: prohibiting texting while driving or mandating seatbelts |
| action which halts progress of a disease at incipient stage and prevents complications | Secondary prevention |
| 2 categories of secondary prevention | 1) Screening to ID risk factors 2) Screening high risk populations to detect disease early |
| all the measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, and to promote the patients’ adjustment to irremediable conditions | Tertiary prevention |
| Next 6 slides: ID Primary, Secondary or Tertiary | |
| Bicycle/ motorcycle helmet laws | primary |
| IV Antibiotics for a person with pneumonia | 3tiary |
| Rx Atorvastatin for a patient w/ a history of MI | 3tiary |
| Screening pregnant women for Rh status during pregnancy | primary Remember: “Is what we are screening for a disorder?” Pregnancy isn’t even though Rh can be a problem. |
| Gait training in a stroke patient | 3tiary |
| Safe sex counseling | primary |
| T/F: Most prevention programs only provide primary prevention. | False; most combined primary and secondary prevention |
| Ongoing operations aimed at reducing 1) incidence 2) duration 3) effects of infection 4) and financial burden of disease | Disease Control |
| Between control and eradication, an intermediate goal has been described, called "regional: | elimination" |
| absolute process, an "all or none" phenomenon, restricted to termination of an infection from the whole world. It implies that disease will no longer occur in a population. | Disease eradication |
| the performance and analysis of routine measurements aimed at detecting changes in the environment or health status of population; examples | Disease monitoring (air pollution, water quality etc) |
| to watch over with great attention, authority and often with suspicion; 3 main objectives | Disease Surveillance; 1) provide info on new/changing trends 2) provide feed-back 3) provide timely warning of PH disasters |
| Studies that may also be carried out to generate information for other purposes | Evaluation of control |
| 3 core componenets of a public health system | 1) Assessment 2) Policy Development 3) Assurance |
| Exposure/factor that may adversely affect health | Hazard (Qualitative) |
| probability that an event will occur or the probability of an unfavorable outcome | Risk (Quantitative) |
| Causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem, can take the form of chemical substances or energy such as noise, heat, or light | Pollution |
| 4 sources of environmental disease | 1) water 2) air 3) soil 4) rocks |
| Ex of point source | smokestacks, pipes to waterways |
| Ex of area source | agricultural runoff, automobile exhaust (mobile sources), parking lots |
| Infectious diseases that can be controlled by manipulating the environment are classified as | environmental health concerns |
| Probability of infection is | dose-dependent (higher dose gives higher probability of infx and illness |
| Difference between inapparent (subclinical) infxs and latent infxs | Agent is not shed in latent, is in subclinical |
| The interval between the time of contact and/or entry of the agent and onset of illness (also called the latency period) | Incubation Period |
| Incubation period depends on what 3 things: | 1) Dosage of infectious agent 2) Portal of entry 3) Immune response to host |
| 3 control points of infectious disease | 1) contain/control source (define source, disinfection, vector control, behavior change) 2) Interrupt transmission (hygiene, precautions, expanded precautions, proplylaxis/immunization) 3) Reduce susceptibility of host |
| What do we do with ill infected persons with contagious disease? | Isolation |
| Not ill but believed exposed to infection? | Quarantine |
| Increased risk for individuals not compromised: | Crowded living conditions, medically underserved, risk-takers, poor hygiene |
| What is the "body burden" | content of heavy metals in our bodies |
| Can produce a hazard for decades or hundreds of years. Soluble in fat and likely to accumulate in living tissue. Don't easily break down in environment. | Persistent Organic Pollutants |
| Biomagnification | as food change progresses, concentration of toxin becomes greater. |
| dB that causes hearing loss | 80 dB |
| process of determining potential adverse environmental health effects to people exposed to pollutants and potentially toxic materials | risk assessment |
| 4 steps of risk assessment | 1 Identification of the hazard 2 Dose–response assessment (ex: sound) 3 Exposure assessment 4 Risk characterization |
Created by:
crward88
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