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AP World Chapter 28
Ap World History - Summerville High School
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Holy Alliance | alliance between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of the established order; formed by the most conservative monarchies of Europe during the Congress of Vienna. |
Decembrist rising | unsuccessful 1825 political revolt in Russia by mid-level army officers advocating reforms. |
Crimean War (1854–1856) | began with a Russian attack on the Ottoman Empire; France and Britain joined on the Ottoman side; resulted in a Russian defeat because of Western industrial might; led to Russian reforms under Alexander II. |
emancipation of the serfs | Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained. |
zemstvoes | local political councils created as part of Alexander II’s reforms; gave middle-class professionals experience in government but did not influence national policy. |
trans-Siberian railroad | constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; increased the Russian role in Asia. |
Sergei Witte | Russian minister of finance (1892–1903); economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investment in industry. |
intelligentsia | Russian term for articulate intellectuals as a class; desired radical change in the Russian political and economic system; wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from the West. |
anarchists | political groups that thought the abolition of formal government was a first step to creating a better society; became important in Russia and was the modern world’s first large terrorist movement. |
Lenin (Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov) | Russian Marxist leader; insisted on the importance of disciplined revolutionary cells. |
Bolsheviks | literally the majority party, but actually a minority group; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by Lenin. |
Russo-Japanese War | 1904; Russian expansion into northern China leads to war; rapid Japanese victory followed. |
duma | Russian national assembly created as one of the reforms following the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Nicholas II. |
Stolypin reforms | Russian minister who introduced reforms intended to placate the peasantry after the Revolution of 1905; included reduction of land redemption payments and an attempt to create a market-oriented peasantry. |
kulaks | agricultural entrepreneurs who used the Stolypin reforms to buy more land and increase production. |
terakoya | commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate to teach reading, writing, and Confucian rudiments; by mid-19th century resulted in the highest literacy rate outside of the West. |
Dutch Studies | studies of Western science and technology beginning during the 18h century; based on texts available at the Dutch Nagasaki trading center. |
Matthew Perry | American naval officer; in 1853 insisted under threat of bombardment on the opening of ports to American trade. |
Diet | Japanese parliament established as part of the constitution of 1889; able to advise government but not control it. |
zaibatsu | huge industrial combines created in Japan during the 1890s. |
Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) | fought in Korea between Japan and Qing China; Japanese victory demonstrated its arrival as new industrial power. |
Yellow peril | Western term for perceived threat from Japanese imperialism. |