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AP World Chapter 24
Ap World History - Summerville High School
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| age of revolution | period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution and ending with the Revolutions of 1848. |
| population revolution | huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization. |
| proto-industrialization | preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers become full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution. |
| American Revolution | rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States. |
| French Revolution | overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon’s French Empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe. |
| Louis XVI | Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution. |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements. |
| guillotine | introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror. |
| nationalism | political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other “isms”; urged importance of national unity; valued collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin. |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815. |
| Congress of Vienna | met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power. |
| conservative | political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church. |
| liberal | political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments. |
| radical | followers of a 19th-century western European political emphasis |
| Greek Revolution | rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan empire. |
| Reform Bill of 1832 | British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class. |
| Chartist movement | attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands incorporated into a series of petitions or charters. |
| Louis Pasteur | discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him. |
| American Civil War (1861–1865) | fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States. |
| transformismo | political system in late 19th-century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals. |
| social question | issues relating to workers and women in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870. |
| socialism | political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class. |
| Karl Marx | German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship. |
| revisionism | socialist thought that disagreed with Marx’s formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions. |
| feminist movements | sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women. |
| mass leisure culture | an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports. |
| Charles Darwin | biologist who developed the theory of evolution of the species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival. |
| Triple Alliance | alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I. |
| Triple Entente | agreement between Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I. |
| Balkan nationalism | movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I. |
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