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Hinduism mid-term
Vocabulary for mid-term MCQ
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ācārya | A teacher |
| adhikāra | Eligibility for a particular dharma, such as teacher, warrior, etc. |
| ādivāsi | “aboriginals”; the first dwellers in the land. |
| agni | god of fire; carrier of vedic sacrifices to the other devas. |
| āḻvār | Tamil Vaishnava singer-saints. |
| arañyaka | the third of the kinds of texts in the Vedas; “forest books”. |
| arcana | temple worship |
| arjuna | third of the five Pandava brothers. |
| ārya | self-designation of the people of the Veda. |
| āśrama | the four stages of life. |
| brahmacārya | (1st stage of Ashrama-s) student stage. |
| gṛhasta | (2nd stage of Ashrama-s) householder stage. |
| vanaprastha | (3rd stage of Ashrama-s) retirement stage. |
| saṃnyāsa | (4th stage of Ashrama-s) renunciate stage; social death. |
| astika | one who acknowledges the authority of the Veda |
| ātman | brahman, as it seems to be individuated as a companion to the jiva in the rounds of samsara. |
| avarṇa | lacking varna |
| avatāra | literally, “descent”; a manifestation of deity in the material world. |
| ayodhyā | capital of the kingdom of Dasharatha, and later, Rama. |
| Bhagavad Gītā | a chapter of the Mahabharata describing the divine nature of Krishna. |
| Bhagavata Purāṇa | stories of the early life of Krishna. |
| bhakti | devotional religion. |
| bharat | land of India |
| bhārat | second eldest son of Dasharatha in the Ramayana. |
| bhūmiputra | “son of the land”; a native of the “Hindu land”. |
| brahmā | a deva; recreator of the world as an agent of Vishnu. |
| brahmasūtra | summary of the teaching of the Upanishads. |
| brāhmaṇa | the highest of the four varnas; a commentarial text on the Veda. |
| Brahmin | anglicization of Brahmana as the highest of the varnas. |
| caitanya | Gaudiya Vaishnava saint. |
| dalit | self-identification of former “untouchables”. |
| darśaṇa | a philosophical system; meeting a deity eyeto-eye in temple worship. |
| deva | “shining one” |
| dharma | ‘right way of living’’ goodness, duty, law, etc. |
| dharmaśāstra | Law-codes, eg of Manu. |
| dhyāna | meditation. |
| Dravidian languages | family of languages, mostlyin the southern third of the Indian subcontinent. |
| Drona-acārya | Brahmin teacher of the Pandavas and Kauravas in military skills. |
| dūrgā | a goddess, most popular in Bengal. |
| dvija | the three highest varnas; eligible to study the veda. |
| dyaus pitṛ | a vedic deva |
| ekalavya | nishada youth who taught himself archery. |
| Four yuga | a unit of time |
| ganeśa | son of Parvati, spouse of Shiva; has the head of an elephant. |
| guru | teacher |
| gurudakṣiṇa | the fee owed to a teacher at the end of one's training. |
| hanumān | monkey-associate and devotee of Rama. |
| harappa | city in the Indus River valley; flourished around 2500 to 1900 BCE. |
| Indo-Europeans | a linguistic (not an ethnic) term designating a group of languages spoken across most of Europe and South Asia. |
| indra | a vedic deva. |
| Indus Valley Civilization | extensive ancient civilization known only by its ruins and artifacts located in the north-west of the Indian subcontinent; first discovered in the valley of the Indus River. |
| International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) | a devotional movement in the tradition of Chaitanya founded in the United States in 1966 by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. |
| īśvara | generic term for divine lord; personal god. |
| jambudvīpā | cosmological vision of the material world. |
| jāti | birth; birth-status. |
| jīva | life-force; personal spirit |
| kaliyuga | the fourth, and worst, age in a cycle of world-existence. |
| karma | “action”; the cause of the round of samsara. |
| kaurava | in the Mahabharata, the sons of Dritarashtra; opponents of the Pandavas. |
| kṛṣṇa | lead character in the Bhagavad Gita and Bhagavata Purana; an avatara of Vishnu. |
| kṣatriya | the second-ranking varna among the dvijas. |
| lakṣmaṇa | third son of King Dasaratha in the Ramayana; accompanied his eldest brother, Rama, in his forest exile. |
| liṅgam | representation of a phallus; symbol of Shiva, used for worship. |
| madhvācārya | a vedantic teacher. |
| mahābhārata | an itihasa. |
| Mantra | a verse of power in the veda; used in meditation. |
| manusmṛti | lawbooks attributed to Manu, the first human being. |
| mārga | literally, “path” or “way”. |
| māyā | in the thought of Shankara, the power of brahman which requires humans to perceive reality in a distorted fashion. |
| Meru | mountain in Tibet; axis mundi in Hindu cosmology. |
| Mohenjo Daro | ancient city in the Harappan, or Indus Valley, civilization. |
| mokṣa | release from the round of samsara. |
| nāyanmār | Tamil singer-saints devoted to Shiva. |
| niṣāda | a tribe in northern India in the time of the Mahabharata. |
| Nondualism | the idea that there is only one reality. |
| padmāsana | “lotus seat”; a yogic posture. |
| pañcama | “the fifth”; a social group outside and beneath the vedic varna system; untouchable; dalit |
| pāṇdava | the sons of Pandu in the Mahabharata. |
| karma mārga | Path of Action |
| bhakti mārga | Path of Devotion |
| jñāna mārga | Path of Knowledge |
| prajāpati | “lord of beings”; a vedic deva. |
| prakṛti | in the samkhya darshana, the principal of materiality. |
| prasāda | gifts, often food, from a deity in temple worship. |
| pūjā | ritual worship using offerings, lights, and specific actions. |
| puñya | good action; beneficial consequences. |
| puñyabhūmi | land in which good actions are easiest to do. |
| purāṇa | ancient stories of the deities; from ~ 4th century CE. |
| puruṣasūkta | a chapter of the Rig Veda describing the sacrifice of the “original man” and the origin of the world and the varnas. |
| puruṣārtha | values appropriate to humanity. |
| artha | value; wealth. |
| kāma | pleasure. |
| mokṣa | release from samsara. |
| rāma | protagonist of the Ramayana; crown prince and later king of Ayodhya. |
| rāmānujācarya | vedantic philosopher. |
| rāmāyaṇa | an itihasa. |
| rāmrāj | the righteous rule of Rama in the Ramayana. |
| ṛṣi | a vedic sage. |
| ṛg veda | one of four collections of vedic verses. |
| ṛta | the principle of cosmic order. |
| saṃhita | “collection”, as in the vedas. |
| sāṃkhya | dualistic darshana. |
| saṃñyāsin | a world-renouncer; the fourth stage or ashrama. |
| saṃsāra | the round of rebirth, redeath. |
| saṃskāra | impressions of karmic action; rites of passage. |
| sanātana dharma | eternal dharma; the Hindu term for “Hinduism”. |
| sarasvatī | spouse of Brahma; goddess of music and wisdom. Also a river along which many sites of the Harappan Civilization have been found. |
| śaṅkaracārya | vedantic philosopher. |
| śāstra | a philosophical text. |
| śāstri | one who is knowledgeable in shastras. |
| Shiva | a great deity |
| Śaiva Siddhānta | philosophical school which developed out of the devotion of the Nayanmar. |
| śruti | “what has been heard”; the most sacred Hindu texts, the Vedas. |
| śudra | the fourth of the varnas; non-dvijas. |
| sītā | Spouse of Rama in the Ramayana and queen of Ayodhya. |
| smṛti | “that which has been remembered”; the religious texts of lesser authority than the shruti. |
| soma | a psychotropic drink; a deva celebrated in the Veda. |
| sthītaprajñā | The condition of being “established in wisdom” in the Bhagavad Gita. |
| sutra | phrases used to prompt memory, literally “thread”. |
| Untouchable | panchamas, the people without varna status, at the bottom of the caste hierarchy. |
| upaniṣad | the fourth group of vedic literatures; “secret” teachings; literally, “sitting down near”. |
| vaiśya | The third of the dvija varnas. |
| varṇa | literally “colour”, the four official social classifications in the Rig Veda. |
| avarṇa | refers to those without varna, or an official social rank. |
| varuṇa | is a god of the water and of the celestial ocean, as well as a god of law of the underwater world. |
| vedānta | darshanas based on the upanishads, the “end”, or consumation of the vedas. |
| advaita | Shankara-acharya's system. |
| viśiṣṭādvaita | Ramanuja-acharya's system. |
| dvaita | Madhva-acharya's system. |
| veda | The four parts of shruti, the Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Atharva Vedas, which include, by extension their brahmanas, aranyakas, and upanishads. |
| viṣṇu | a great god of the Hindus. |
| vaiṣṇava | a follower of Vishnu. |
| vyāsa | “hearer” of the Vedas and author of the Mahabharata. |
| yagña | the vedic fire sacrifice. |
| yoga | one of the six darshanas. |
| nāstika | one who does not acknowledge the authority of the vedas |
| devī | a god or goddess |
| adharma | "living that is not in accord with the law' |
| śaiva | devotees of Shiva. |
| atman | universal spirit. |
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