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Physio Exam 5
Hypothalamus & Pituitary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What the types of factors can influence the Hypothalamic centers | 1. Sleep/wake 2. Pain 3. Emotion 4. Fright 5. Rage 6. Smell 7. Vision |
| What are some functions of the hypothalamus | 1. Food/Water intake 2. Sleep/Wakefulness 3. Growth 4. Circadian clock 5. Pituitary gland 6. Parental behavior 7. Temperature regulation 8. 2nd: mineral/carbohydrate metabolism 9 Reproduction |
| What are the two divisions of the Pituitary gland | 1. Posterior 2. Anterior |
| The posterior pituitary is divided into what three parts | 1. Pars nervosa 2. Median eminence 3. Infundibulum |
| The anterior pituitary is divided into what three parts | 1. Pars distalis 2. Pars tuberalis 3. Pars intermedia |
| Which part of the pituitary gland is composed of nervous tissue | Posterior |
| Which part of the pituitary gland is composed of glandular tissue | Anterior |
| What carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion from the adenohypophysis | A portal system |
| There is ... vascular connection between teh lobes of the pituitary | Limited |
| What type of relationship does the hypothalamus have with the posterior pituitary | A direct neuronal |
| What type of neuron is responsible for the release of hormones from the posterior pituitary | Magnicellular neuron |
| What type of neuron is responsible for the release of hormone that travels through the capillary network from teh hypothalamus to the pituitary to trigger the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary | Parvicellular neuron |
| The pituitary is sometimes call the | Master gland |
| What are the two hormones released from posterior pituitary | 1. Oxytocin 2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aka Vasopressin |
| By how many amino acids to ADH and Oxytocin vary | Two |
| What is the prohormone form of ADH bound too | Neurophysin II |
| What is the prohormone form of oxytocin bound too | Neurophysin I |
| What is the major activity of ADH | Increase water uptake by the kidneys |
| How does ADH increase water uptake by the kidney | It does so by binding its V2 receptor stimulates cAMP which stimulates the insertion of aquaporin-2 into the apical plasma membrane of the collecting duct allowing the water to enter the cell through the channels. |
| What are other activities of ADH | 1. Arterial and venous constriction 2. Stimulate ACTH release 3. Stimulate spermaticord contraction |
| What is the primary factor that regulates the release of ADH or the inhibition of ADH secretion | Rapid changes in osmolality |
| What is a pathological factor that stimulates the secretion of ADH | Nausea/vomiting |
| A decrease in pressure at baroreceptors in cardiac sinus and aortic arch stimulate the secretion of ADH via what nerves | CN IX & X |
| What are two clinical problems associated with ADH | 1. Diabetes insipidus (DI) 2. Syndrom of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) |
| What are the three types of Diabetes insipidus | 1. Hypothalamic DI 2. Nephrogenic DI 3. Dipsogenic DI |
| This type of diabetes insipidus involves a deficiency in ADH | Hypothalamic DI |
| This type of diabetes insipidus involves renal resistance to ADH | Nephrogenic DI |
| This type of diabetes insipidus involves inappropriate or excessive water drinking | Dipsogenic DI |
| Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuresis is the most common cause of | Euvolemic hypoosmolality |
| Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuresis types A-D are characterized by | Plasma ADH in relationship to osmolality |
| What are causes of syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuresis | 1. Neoplastic disease 2. CNS disorders 3. Pulmonary diseas 4. Drugs 5. Others such as AIDS, idiopathic, senile atrophy |
| What stimulates the secretion of Oxytocin | 1. Suckling 2. Estradiol 3. Fergusson reflex |
| What inhibits the secretion of Oxytocin | 1. Opiod 2. Catecholamines |
| What are the activities of oxytocin | 1. Milk ejection 2. Uterine contractions 3. Behavior 4. Ovulation 5. Ejaculation |
| How are the activities of oxytocind mediated | By Gq protein receptor which activates the phospholipase C pathway |
| What are the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary | 1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 2. Luteinizing hormone (LH) 3. Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 4. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 5. Prolactin 6. Endorphins 7. Growth hormone (GH) |
| If a problem occurs during the development of the anterior pituitary more than one cell type may be effected because the different cell types share a ... | Common lineage |
| What class of hormone is prolactin | Protein hormone |
| What is the primary regulator of prolactin secretion | Dopamine |
| Where are the primary receptors for prolactin located | 1. Breast 2. Pituitary |
| What is the most active form of prolactin | Monomer |
| What pathway does the binding of prolactin to its receptor activate | JAK/STAT |
| What are the functions of prolactin | 1. Lactation 2. Reproduction 3. Lymphocyte growth factor |
| Hypersecretion of prolactin can lead to | 1. Galactorrhea in males 2. Reduced sperm production (infertility) 3. Reduced or lack of menstrual cycles (infertility) |
| What stimulates the secretion of prolactin | 1. Estrogen 2. Breast manipulation 3. Sleep 4. TRH |
| What inhibits the secretion of prolactin | 1. Dopamine 2. PRL 3. Somatostatin |
| What class of hormone is Growth Hormone | Protein hormone |
| What two varients of growth hormone are produced by the pituitary | 1. 22kD 2. 20 kD |
| This varient of growth hormone is the primary form and has growth promoting activity | 22 kD |
| This varient of growth hormone is the minor form and has diabetogenic effects. It also has a slower metabolic clearnace rate. | 20 kD |
| What are the two types of growth hormone bindng proteins | 1. High affinity 2. Low affinity |
| Which grwoth hormone binding hormone corresponds to extracellular domain of Growth hormone receptor and binds to the 22 kK form | High affinity |
| Which growth hormone binding protein is unrelated to the growth hormone receptor and binds the 20 kD form | Low affinity |
| The binding of growth hormone to the growth hormone binding protein does what to the half life | Extends it |
| Growth hormone is released in what | Pulses |
| Where are growth hormone receptors located | 1. Liver 2. Muscle 3. Adipose |
| The binding of growth hormone to its receptor activates what pathway | JAK/STAT |
| Hypersecretion of growth hormone before puberty results in | Giantism |
| Hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty results in | Acromegally |
| Hyposecretion of growth hormone results in | Dwarfism |
| Mediators of somatic function of growth hormone | Somatomedians: Insulin like growth factors (IGF) I & II |
| What stimulates the release of growth hormone | 1. Growh hormone releasing hormone 2. Ghrelin 3. Fasting |
| What inhibits the release of growth hormone | 1. Somatostatin 2. High levels of growth hormone 3. Somatomedins |
| What class of hormone is somatostatin | Peptide hormone |
| The cleave of the somatostatin prohormone yields what two somatostatin forms | 1. 14 aa in lenght 2. 28 aa in lenght |
| What form of somatostatin is prominent in the brain | 14 aa |
| What form of somatostatin is prominent in the GI | 28 aa |
| Somatostatin inhibits the release of what | 1. GH, PRL and TSH from the pituitary 2. Insulin and glucagon from the pancreas 3. Secretions from the enteroendocrine cells |
| How many type of receptors does somatostatin have | Five SSRT1-5 |
| What class of hormone is Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | Peptide hormone |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a product of what gene | Pro-opiomelanocortin |
| What pattern of release does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) have | Circadian |
| What does the adrenocorticotropic hormone maintain | Secretory epithelium of the adrenal gland |
| Hypersecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)leads to | Cushing's disease |
| Hyposecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) leads to | Fatigue and loss of energy |
| What enzyme cleaves the POMC that leads to the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | Prohormone convertase |
| What stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | 1. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) 2. Sleep/wake transition 3. Stress |
| What inhibits the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | 1. Cortisol 2. ACTH 3. Somatostatin |
| What class of hormone is Thryroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (Thyrotropin) | Glycoprotein |
| Thryroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is a heterodimer combosed of a common ... chain and a unique ... chain | Alpha, Beta |
| TSH, LH, FSH all chare a ... Chain and have a ... chain | Common alpha, Different beta |
| What inhibits the transcription of mRNA fro both the alpha and beta chains and expression of TRH receptor | Thyroid Hormone |
| What stimulates the transcription of mRNA for both alpha and beta chains | TRH |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is released in a | pulse |
| How long is the half life of thryroid stimulating hormone (TSH) | 50 minutes |
| What gives thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) its long half life | The sugar units of the glycoprotein |
| What stimulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) | 1. TRH 2. Exposure to cold (animals and infants but not always adults) 3. Leptin |
| What inhibits the release of thryoid stimulating hormone (TSH) | 1. T4/T3 2. Fasting 3. Somatostatin 4. Dopamine 5. cortisol 6. GH |
| What class of hormone are Gonadotropins | Glycoproteins |
| What type of receptors do ganadotropins act through | G protien coupled |
| What pathway does Folicle stimulating hormone (FSH) activate | cAMP |
| WHat pathway does Lutinizing hormone (LH) activate | cAMP;PLC |
| What are the main targets of gonadotropins | Gonads |
| The differential release of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) has what selective effects on FSH and LH | 1. Post-transcription modifications 2. Secretion patterns (pulse) |
| Hyposecretion of gonadotropins leads to | Sub or infertility |
| What stimulates the release of gonadotropins | Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) |
| What inhibits the release of ganadotropins | 1. Testosterone 2. Estrogens 3. Progesterone |
Created by:
mhaynes
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