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Neurology
Midterm Review Sheet
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| when you apply massage to a client you are stimulating | nociceptors and cutaneous mechano receptors |
| the stimulus of the massage you apply travels | sensory or afferent neurons |
| what changes does massage cause the CNS | pain modulation, release of opiods into the CSF, release of NT in the CNS, and ANS modulation |
| massage stimuli normally travels the SC | up the Posterior Dorsal Column of the spinal cord |
| massage stimuli normally travels up to the | Ventral posterior nucleus or VPLN and VPMN of the thalamus |
| massage stimuli normall travels up to brain | somatosensory cortex of the cerebral cortex |
| two main divisions of the NS | CNS and PNS |
| ANS consist of the | Parasympathetic and Sympathetic NS |
| what are the afferent nerves of the PNS | the sensory neurons that bring sensory input to the CNS |
| sympathetic NS mediates | Fight or Flight |
| what is the most common input region of a neuron | the dendrite |
| what is the most common output region of a neuron | axon terminal and its synaptic end bulb |
| what is the axons electrical insulating covering | myelin sheath |
| describe multipolar neurons | multiple dendrites coming off cell body, most common type of neuron, can receive many ado-dendritic synapses |
| general somatic efferent nerves innervate | skeletal mm |
| what is a bundle of axons in PNS called | nerve |
| what does gray matter consist of | cell bodies, dendrites and synapses |
| average resting membrane potential | -70mv |
| gated ion channels can be opened via | mechanical, chemical and light stimulie |
| chemical stimuli | NT |
| threshold | electrically gated Na+ channels open at a trigger zone, about -55mv |
| depolarization | -55mv, an action potential has begun |
| widest axons | A alpha axons |
| A alpha axons | widest axons, thickest myelin sheaths, fastest conduction AP120 m/s. |
| EPSP's | result when Na+ ions enter a dendrite at a synapse, weak, passive input signals/membrane depolarization and can be added up or summated to depolarize the trigger zone to threshold |
| what is the most common excitatory NT in the brain | glutamate |
| temporal summation | the buildup of ESPS's from a single pre-synaptic neurons firing in succession |
| what are three main parts of the typical chemical synapse | axon terminal/end bulb, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic receptor |
| trigger zone for sensory neurons | axon hillock |
| middle layer of meninges | arachnoid mater |
| what layer does spinal cord end | L1/L2 vertebral level |
| lateral stability of the spinal cord | denticulate ligaments |
| spinal nerve roots that travel in the vertebral canal after L2 | cauda equina |
| central canal | travels down middle of SC, gray matter, contains CSF, transports pain modulators enkephlin and endorphin |
| main sensory region of the SC gray matter | posterior dorsal horn |
| main sensory region of the SC white matter | posterior dorsal horn |
| ascending sensory tracts | posterior column |
| spinothalamic tract | relays pain information to brain |
| corticospinal tract | relays cortical motor instruction to the spinal cord |
| a fast predictable automatic response to an environmental change | reflex |
| functions of the SC | conduit function whereby it relays impulses btw the body and the brain and integrative function whereby it is the integrating center for spinal reflexes |
| 5 components of a reflex arc | receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector |
| monosegmental spinal reflex | stretch reflex, autogenic inhibition or tendon reflex, segmental nociceptor reflex |
Created by:
mloft
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