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Physio Exam 5
Overview of the Endocrine System
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Name the Classic Endocrine Organs | 1. Hypothalamus 2. Pituitary gland 3. Pineal gland 4. Parathyroid glands 5. Thyroid gland 6. Adrenal glands 7. Pancrease 8. Testes 9. Ovaries 10. Uterus 11. Placenta |
Molecules of this type regulate enzyme reactions, transport ions/molecules across membrane,gene expression, and protien synthesis | Hormones |
Hormones exert effects at very ... concentrations | Low |
The effects of hormones are mediated by ... | Receptors |
The ... regulates teh ability of hormones to affect cells/tissues | Half-life |
A ... half-life gives a hormone a greater chance to act upon an organ | Longer |
Hormone communication in which a hormone is released from a cell that enters blood vessels | Hemocrine |
Hormone communication in which a hormone is released form a cell that interacts with receptor(s) on nearbly cells | Paracrine |
Hormone communication in which there is a direct ransfer of a messenger molecule inot adjacent cells via gap junctions | Intercrine |
Hormone communication in which a messenger molecule remains associated with the cell membrane of the signaling cell and interacts with the receptors on an adjacent cell | Juxtacrine |
Hormone communication in which a hormone is secreted and intereacts with a receptor on the same cell | Autocrine |
Hormone communication in which a messenger molecule is produced by neurons | Neurocrine |
Neurocrine hormone communication in which a messenger molecules traverses the synaptic space | Synaptic |
Neurocrine hormone communication in which a messenger molecule is carried to the site of action by ECF or blood | Non-synaptic (neurosecretion) |
Hormone communication in which a messenger molecule is secreted into the lumen of a ductal system (i.e. GI, respiratory, urogenital) | Solicrine |
Hormone communication in which there is the uptake of a hormonal precursar and intracellular conversion to effective hormone and subsequent binding to an intracellular receptor | Intracrine |
What are the four classes of hormones | 1. Amino acid derivatives 2. Peptide/Polypeptide 3. Steroid 4. Fatty acid derivatives |
Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are what class of hormone | Amino acid derivatives |
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), atrial nariuretic peptide (ANP), vasopressin calcitonin, CCK, growth hormone, inhibin, insulin, parathyroid hormone, somatostatin, thyrotropin (TSH, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are what class of hormone | Peptide/polypeptide |
Cortisol, aldosterone, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone are what class of hormone | Steroid |
Postaglandins and thromboxanes are what cless of hormone | Fatty acid derivatives |
What are the four mechanisms of regulation of hormone release | 1. Nerve activation and conductance of signal to endocrine tissue 2. environmental changes 3. hormonal stimulation 4. feedback to endocrine tissue |
What are the two types of receptors associated with hormonal responses | 1. Intracellular 2. PLasma membrane |
What are the two types of Intracellular receptors | 1. Cytoplasmic 2. Nuclear |
What are the four types of plasma membrane receptors | 1. G protiens 2. Tyrosine Kinases 3. Serine/Threonine kinases 4. Ion channel |
Peptide and protein hormone classes work through what type of receptor | Plasma membrane |
A sequence of DNA which interacts with a hormone receptor complex. This is how transcription is regulated | Hormone Response Element |
What are the three types of hormone/hormone interaction | 1. Synergistic 2. Antagonistic 3. Permissive |
What is an example of synergistic hormone/hormone interaction | Glucagon and epinephrine |
What is an example of antagonistic hormone/hormone interaction | Insulin and glucagon |
What is an example of permissive hormone/hormone interaction | Steroid priming of hypothalamus/pituitary |
What are the five factors affecting hormonal effect | 1. Synthesis of hormone 2. Receptro mediated signal transduction 3. Hormone inactivation/clearance 4. Feedback systems 5. Rhythm of hormone release |
What three synthesis factors effect hormonal effects | 1. Post-transcription 2. Post-translational procssing of the hormone 3. Post-secretory extracellular transport of hormone |
What three receptor mediated signal transduction factors effect hormonal effects | 1. Affinity, number, occupancy, desenitization 2. Cellular second messenger components 3. Degradation of second messenger signaling factors |
What two hormone inactivation/clearance factors effect hormonal effects | 1. porcessing bound vs. free circulating hormone 2. Metabolic clearnace rate |
When a hormone is bound to a carrier its half-life is ... | Extended |
What five factors of feedback systems effect hormonal effects | 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Long 4. Short 5. Ultrashort |
In this type of feedback loop teh secretion of the peripheral gland indirectly affects the pituitary hormone secretion | Long |
Thyroid hormone inhibits the release of TRH, therefore decreasing the stimulus to the pituitary to secrete TSH. This is an example of a ... feedback loop. | Long |
In this type of feedback loop secretion of the pituitary affect hypothalamic hormone release | Short |
TSH released from the pituitary negatively influences the secretion of TRH from the hypothalamus. This is an example of a ... feedback loop | Short |
In this type of feedback loop a hormone feedsback to the cell of its production or a neighboring cell to inhibit further secretion of 'itself' | Ultrashort |
TSH inhibiting the release of TSH from tyrotrophs is an esample of a ... feedback loop | Ultrashort |
What are the three types of rhythm of hormone release | 1. Circadian 2. Ultradian 3. Infradian |
In this rhythm of hormone release the pattern of secretion is about every 24 hours | Circadian |
The release of melatonin is an example of what type of rhythm release | Circadian |
In this rhythm of hormone release the pattern of secretions is frequent (i.e. every 90-100 minutes)/24 hours | Ultradian |
The release of growth hormone is an example of what type of rhythm release | Ultradian |
In this rhythm of hormone relase the pattern of secretion is over a period greater than 24 hours | Infradian |
The release of LH surge during menstration is an example of what type of rhythm release | Infradian |
Assays for measuring hormones can measure what forms of hormones | Free, Bound, or Total (free + bound) |
What are four types of assays for measuring hormones | 1. Radioimmunoassay 2. Enzyme immunoassay 3. Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay 4. Immunoradiometric assay |