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Neurology
Midterm Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| when can regeneration of axon occur | as long as cell body is not damaged |
| synapses meet at | gland or muscle or other synapse |
| electrical synapse | direct contact, smooth muscle, cardia muscle |
| chemical synapse | space, pre and post synaptic neurons |
| EPSP | NT binds to Na+= AP dipolarize |
| calcium | causes vessicles to fuse |
| synaptic cleft | space between synapses |
| IPSP | NT binds to K+=no AP does not depolarize |
| ICF- | more negative by K+ leaving |
| NS | AP fast and ends fast |
| ES | AP slower and last longer |
| 4 ways the synapse rids of excess NT | diffuse, breakdown by Ach, active transport, uptake |
| temporal | continuous, are we there yet, until fire |
| spacial | firing squad, one not enough, all firing maybe enough to send signal |
| sub threshold | facilitated, getting ready to fire, but not enough, close to threshold not enough to fire |
| damage | pressure, severe |
| which NS regenerates | PNS |
| what happens instead of regeneration in CNS | other neurons take over, re-ed |
| MVA nn damage pressure causes what sensation | parasthesia |
| wallerian degeneration | cut nn, schwann cells that wre myelinated nn now reabsorb damaged nn, form tube-axon stump grows into tube |
| factors effecting wallerian degeneration | no scar tissue, must be clean cut |
| microphage | pacman cells eat dead cells |
| how to decrease scar tissue | US, ES, MT |
| How are nn specific | specific nn for different sensations |
| thalamus | low stimulus, ex clothes, Brains assistant, admin or CEO |
| meisners corpuscles | light touch, pettrisage/merkels disc-mechanoreceptors |
| merkels disk | in epidermis, responds to light touch, help to tell difference surface of objects,if press to hard to nn -turns off, overstimulated |
| heavy touch | ruffinian end organs-deeper, DTM, rolfing/pacinain corpuscles, vibrating stimuli |
| tickle | hypersensativity |
| monomodal nn | Afiber, burn, sharp, acute, fast, mechanical=itch, tickle,pleasure, thermal=hot or cold |
| corpuslces | capsules on nn |
| free nn endings | no capsules/corpuslces |
| how can medical history help find which type of nn is damaged | nn are specific to description of pain, monomodal Afiber=is burn, sharp, acute, fast/mechanical= tissue damage, itching, tickling, pleasure/thermal=tissue damage, hor to r cold/polymodal Cfiber=slow, chronic, dull, nagging, throbbing |
| polymodal nn | Cfiber, unmyelinated, slow signal, chronic, slow pain, dull, nagging, throbbing, long lasting stimuli=prolonged sitting, chemicals from damaged tissue cause nagging pain |
| pain | subjective, quantify, symptom or disease, originate in ST, chronic, acute |
| chronic pain | healing pain, depressed people and may altar rehab |
| acute pain | A fibers override chronic pain, may have both |
| visceral pain | poorly localized, ab wall guarding |
| embryotic | similiar cells |
| cutaneous cut | sharp A fiber |
| trigger point compression | override other pain |
| functional unit in spine | 3 parts, 2 vert and 1 disc |
| natural splint | mm lock |
| cranial nn | PNS |
| SC | highway |
| Plexus | PNS |
| Nucleus | CNS |
| UMN | pre-synaptic |
| LMN | post-synaptic |
| central canal | tiny canal in the middle, transport CSF |
| SC Ant and Post | Ant fissure, post sulcus |
| grey matter | butterfly in SC |
| white matter | SC tracts, fasciculi |
| tracts | ascending sensory, descending motor |
| UE fasciculus | cuneatus, weblike bundle of axons |
| LE fasciculus | gracilis cord (gracilis mm) bundle of axons |
| fasciculus | same sensation, ex fine touch, fine pressure |
| integrative function | interprets and compares to past experiences, decides course of action |
| motor function | can be mm contraction or glandular secretion |
| effectors | general name for anything having effect |
| soma | body |
| visceral | organ |
| SNS | voluntary =skeletal mm |
| ANS | involuntary = visceral smooth mm |
| bones cover | most important organs |
| efferent | effector |
| parasympathetic | rest and repair |
| sympathetic | flight or fight, instantaneously |
| parasympathetic vs sympathetic | balance btw both, one should not dominate |
| cell hierarchy-botton to top | epithelial tissue= covers, mm cells =contractions, neuron tells mm to contract |
| to we create more nn cells | no, they do not divide after 6 months, same nn cells since then |
| ribosomes | attach to endoplasmic reticulum |
| axon send signal | away from cell body |
| sciatic cell body | at spine, axon goes all the way down to the toe |
| upper body nerves | larger, down arm |
| divergent nerve path | wide dispersal of signals |
| what is myelin made of | protein and lipids |
| which cells repair | PNS |
| axon hillock | part of cell body that connects to axon |
| neuroglia | do not conduct electrical impulse, protect neuron only |
| astrocytes | service to nn cells in CNS |
| magocytes | schwann cells in the PNS clean up debris to repair nn |
| CSF | like blood but does not have certain things, made from blood in ventricle in brain, ependymal cells reach out to capillaries and get whet they need to make CSF |
| satellite cells | in PNS ganglia, unipolar |
| ganglion | collection of cells bodies |
| posterior root ganglia | group of cells clumps outside CNS |
| nucleus | group of cells in CNS |
| multipolar | most nn cells |
| epithelial cells | visceral, secrete substance, organ connective =bone, mm=move, neurons=send messages |
| how many different types of neurons | 140 |
Created by:
mloft
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