Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
World History
World History up to 1600 Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Origins of Human History | -7 million years ago break from apes -Appearance of Modern Humans in East Africa about 100,000 years ago |
| Paleolithic Culture | -no written record -stone tools -food gathering & hunting -nomad groups |
| Neolithic Age | -10,000-6,000 BCE -Agriculture Revolution |
| Mesopotamia | -City states of Ur and Uruk -Each city state independent & had own religion, ruled by a king -Great Ziggurat of Ur was a political & religions center -Came up with pictographic (=pictures for words) which them became phonographic (=pictures to sound) |
| Sumerian Society | -Top: royals (king), priests, aristocrats -Middle: farmers, artisans, merchants -Lowest: slaves, women, children |
| Religion of Mesopotamia | -each state had its own gods -propetiation = at the mercy of the god |
| Cultural Creativity of Mesopotamia | -Bronze Age: Copper combined with tin -Invented wheeled vehicles & pottery wheel -Writing: cuneiform ("wedge shaped"), recorded literature |
| Mesopotamia Kingdoms | 1. Sumerian Civilization 2. Akkadian Dynasty 3. Babalonian Empire 4. Assyrian Empire 5. Persian Empire |
| Akkadian Dynasty | -Akkad Region -Sargon of Akkad -High Point of Dynasty under Sargon's grandson, Naram Sin |
| Babylonian Empire | -Center of power is the city of Babylon -Hammurabi- law code most significant contribution |
| Assyrian Empire | -Lion Hunt artwork -Created the Hanging gardens of Babylon |
| Nile River | -People relied on agriculture -Nile River runs north, opposite of what we believe -Nile River flooded regularly in the summer |
| Predynatic Egypt | >3100 BCE -Menes or Narmer was the first pharaoh, but we don't now because of bad records --Pharaoh means great house |
| Eras of Egyptian History | 1. Old kingdom ("pyramid age") 2. First Intermediate Era 3. Middle kingdom ("Democratization of after life") 4. Second Intermediate Era 5. New Kingdom ("Imperial Egypt") |
| Old Kingdom | -4th Dynasty, Egypt, Pyramids of Giza (the largest one was for Kafu) -Ma'at = highest virtues of Egyptian life -No standing army because they had no fear of outsiders |
| First Intermediate period (2200-2050 BCE) | -Nile flood failed-> crops failed->famine -buildings and maintaining pyramids exhausted the resources of the states -period of civil wars |
| Middle Kingdom | -They had an eye on what went wrong in the past -Swallower of dead to determine who goes on to the after life, based on the weight of a feather |
| Second Intermediate period (1800-1570 BCE) | -crumbled from the outside instead of the inside -outside forces had superior power, like chariots, outsider wanted the valuable goods |
| New Kingdom | -1600 BCE reestablish control -adapted bronze weapons, chariot warfare, Imperial ambitions -Egyptian Empire strethed north into Sinai, south into Nubia, west to the Mediterranean -Ramesses II came to power at an early age -used military tactic |
| The end of the Egyptian Civilization (1100-30 BCE) | -foreign rulers -fell to rome in 30 BCE -Roman empire took over after Cleopatra dies |
| Egyptian Culture | -Agriculture Kingdom, "Gift of the Nile" -Egyptian Solar Calender had 3 seasons -Bureaucratic system -writing: Hieroglyphics (Rosetta Stone) -polytheistic religion -monotheism only during Akhenton's rule |
| Indus valley Harappan Civilization | -lived along the Indus River -large cities along the river -major cities: Mohenjo-Daro, Harappo -cities were on a north-south grid, & had a drainage system |
| Harappan Culture | -agriculture economy: wheat, barely, rice, peas -Cash Crop & trade commodity: cotton -writing:Indus valley script -we don't now much about them or what happened to them |
| The Vedic Age (~1900-1600 BCE) | -early Verdic age: formation period -nomadic people, tribes, rajas, military -Sanskrit -Veda (term for knowledge) |
| Verdic/Aryan Religion | -Polytheistic -Propitiation: made sacrificial offerings to the gods in return for good favors -Indra, the god of thunder |
| hereditary system | born into your class, no social movement |
| Caste System | Order: 1. Priests, Academics 2. Kings, Warriors 3. Merchants, Land owners 4. commoners, peasants, servants, 5. untouchables (they were added later) |
| Late Vedic age | -expansion, maturation, & formalization of Vedic culture -Territorial expansion: beyond Indus river -political complexity: tribal chiefs became kings, urban centers built -caste system expanded -religion: Brahman power increased |
| Religious Reform 600 BCE in Indus Valley | -rejection of "ritualization" of Indian religion -The Upanishads: texts -brahamn - cosmic essence, world soul, eternal |
| Neolithic China ( appears around 500 BCE) | -two major rivers: Yellow river & Yangzi river -Yellow river: drier climate - millet & wheat -Yangzi river: warmer, moist - rice and water chestnuts -Domestic animals: dogs, cattle, pigs |
| China Dynastic History | -Shujing, book of history - early collection of Chinese writings -Xia Dynasty -Shang Dynasty -Zhou Dynasty |
| Warrior kings of the Shang era | -warrior people: superior bronze tools & weapons -Territory around the yellow river -social structure: Vassal system 1. Shang Kings 2. Vassal 3. Serfs |
| Religion during the Shang | -polytheistic - Shang king - religious & political power, best suited to communicate with ancestors -shaman |
| Oracle bones | -primary source documenting early Chinse writings -a crack was put on the bone by the gods -after shaman interpreted the cracks, they engraved the message into the bones -pictographic writing system with 3,000 characters |
| Zhou Dynasty & the Mandate of Heaven | -Mandate of Heaven - altered the way power was given -overthrew the Shang Dynasty 3 significant Zhou rulers: King Wen, King Wu, & the duke of Zhou -western & eastern period -power + legitimacy = governing authority -expanded territory -feudalism |
| Warring State period of China | -7 major states -200 years of constant warfare: iron weapons, cross bows -Rise of the Qin Dynasty |
| Persian Empire Beginnings | -Empire means the conquest of one by another -Indo-European People -settled in Iranian plateau -very inhospitable environments -two subgroups: Medes & Persians, spoke Farsi |
| The Achaemids & Cyrus II | -Persian interbred to gain power -Cyrus II united Medes & Persians -Began campaign to expand Persian Empire -after he died he left empire to his son Cambyses II |
| The Cyrus Cylinder & Persian Universalism | -"Cyrus Cylinder," (text in cuneiform) -proclimation saying people could keep their culture & religion if they remand loyal to the Persian -called Persian Universalism or one world power |
| rulers of Persia | -Cyrus II -Cambyses II: son of CyrusII, only ruled 7 years, expanded Persia into Egypt -Darius I: 28 year old solider came to power by marring Cambyses II's widow & daughter -Xerxes: son of Darius, finished palace |
| Largest Persian Empire Under Darius I | -further expansion, Indus valley, Egypt, Libya -Bureaucratic system: 20 provinces (satrapy) with governors (strap) -royal road & postage system -legal system: local & imperial law -canal between Red & Mediterranean Sea -Ceremonial Palace: Persepolis |
| Zoroastrianism | -Persians were first Polytheistic with two gods: Ahura & Mazda -Prophet Zoroaster said they were one god called Ahura Mazda -universal religion -balanced of good (Ahura Mazda) vs. evil (Ahriman) |
| Conflict With Greece: The Persian Wars | -Persian conquer Lydia & Ionian Greeks rebel -Darius dies -Xerxes attacks confront Athens and Spartans -Xerxes returns to Persia |
| Philip II | -invaded Greece & Greece becomes over taken by Macedonians -Philip II is the father of Alexander the Great |
| Greek Civilization (200-30 BCE) Chronology | -Early/Mythical Greece -Dark ages -Classical age -Hellenistic Age |
| Minoan Civilization | -Lived on the island of Crete -language not deciphered -elegant, refined civilization -"story of the Minotaur" -Minos was the king |
| Mycenaean Civilization | -on mainland Greece, monarchical government -warrior-like -Mycenae trade center, skilled goldsmith/metal workers -Legend of Troy? |
| The Dark Ages | -Epic poem attributed to Greek poet Homer - source of all knowledge -little produced -rise of Greek political system |
| Classical Greece: "The Polis" | -"Polis" independent city-states suited to Greece's landscape -walled cities -economy: limited agriculture (grapes, olives), trade & colonization |
| Sparta | -means "The Scattered" - originally comprised of five small villages -Military Oligarchy, expand their limited economy through conquest -adult males had say -collective mentality organized government, the collective > the individual |
| Athens | -From Aristocracy to Democracy -walled city, Athenians seafarers -transformation of Athenian Government -"citizens": adult males |
| Philosophy | -Greek rationality & scientific reasoning -Socrates - questioned everything until you get to the bottom -Plato - student of Socrates, did not believe in democracy -Aristotle - student of Plato, questioned everything, tutor to Alexander the Great |
| Crisis of the 5th Century: The Persian Wars | -Delian League - aligned the city states head by Athens who took advantage of them -Pelopannesian League - lead by Sparta Against Athens, civil wars, Sparta won against Athens |
| Hellenistic Age (320-30 BCE) | -Philip II Alexander diffused Greek culture through empire -Alexander dies (323 BCE) |
| Roman World Chronology | 1. Estroscan rule 2. Early Republic 3. Late Republic 4. "Pax Romana"/Imperial Rome 5. End of the Empire |
| Romulus & Remus | Etruscan controlled Italian Peninsula -Romans overthrow the Etruscans -Romulus kills Remus to become king |
| Roman Republic Government | -"Republic": aristocratic form of government power, elected representatives -society: Patricians (rich 10%), Plebians (everyone else) -Senate: represented assembly that were elected to handle administration of the Republic& Consul |
| Struggle of Order in Roman Empire | -class based political struggle between patricians & plebians -Law of twelve tablets -Tribune officers: plebian officers elected by plebians & charged with protecting their lives -287 BCE all Romans citizens equal before the law |
| Punic Wars | -Carthage (North Africa/Spain) vs. Rome -1st Punic War: Sicily, Rome wins -2nd Punic War: Carthaginian Commander Hannibal -3rd Punic War: Carthage (North Africa) destroyed |
| The Late Republic | -Roman republic begins to fall as roman territory expands -renewed class conflict, crisis of government |
| Attempts at Reform of Roman Empire | - Tiberius & Graius Sempronious Gracchus (brothers) served as plebian tribute, both were assassinated -idea to distribute land to the poor -"Bread & circuses" -bread lines & festivals |
| The End of the Republic | -Period of civil wars -Generals built armies loyal only to themselves -Julius Caesar |
| Octavian | -Was Caesar's adopted son (nephew), succeed Caesar -Aliened himself with Marc Anthony against Senate |
| Pax Romana | -"Golden Age of Rome" -"Five Good Emperors": 1. Nerva 2. Trajan 3. Hadrian 4. Antonious Pius 5. Marcus Aurelius -multi ethnic diversity -aqueducts built |
| Christianity | -Judea - Jews believed in a single all-powerful god -Jesus of Nazareth -Pontius Pilate, Roman administrator in Judea -Jesus Crucifixion |
| The Fall of Rome | -Pax Romana ends with the death of Marcus Aurelian -Civil war between generals, 20 different emperors -epic disease & barbarian invasions |
| Western & Eastern Rome | -Emperor Diocletian divided the empire in two part: Eastern & Western Rome - two emperors divided the empire -eastern half lives on as the Byzantine Empire |
| Indus Valley Religious Reform | -Upanisheds were reforms that set fourth 3 new basic concepts central to Indian Worship 1. Samsara: reincarnation of soul 2. Dharma: performance of duties pertaining to one's social class 3. Karma: fate or destiny in the next incarnation |
| Jainism | -embraced a life of asceticism - extreme self-denial, reject all creature comforts & material possessions -Ahimsa: central practice of absolute nonviolnce |
| Hinduism | -No one founder or teacher, heterogeneous religion -Worshiped a variety of deities: -Brahman: supreme creator -Vishnu: beneficent preserver -Shiva: destroyer, "lord of dance" |
| Buddhism | -Siddhartha Guatama came up with teachings of the foundations to Buddhism -he lived the life of a prince -at age 29, ventured out to explore the world, series of 4 encounters: 1. An Old Man 2. A Sick Man 3. A Dead Man 4. A Priest |
| Mauryan Empire under Chadragupta Mauyra | -Indian price from Ganges valley that takes over after Alexander dies -he defeats Indian rivals & negotiates with Macedonian generals -provinces->districts->villages -Imperial legal code maintained by series of courts - he becomes a Jain monk |
| Ashoka | -Grandson to Chandragupta -focused on imperial expansion through military conquest -campaign in Kalinga brutal were he becomes disguised by violence -later he converts to Buddhism |
| The Rock Edicts | -Rock Edicts proclaimed policies of Ashoka's new government -carved in rocks or stone pillars, spread across the kingdom |
| Promoting Buddhism | -First Buddhist missionaries sent out during Ashoka's rule -Patronized Buddhist scholarship & art -Built hospitals, rest houses for travelers, monistaries |
| Fall of the Mauryan Empire | -Ashok'a dies & Mauryan Empire begins to collapse -last Mauryan Emperor, Birhadratha Maurya assassinated, -theories for fall: Brahamn revolt against the Empire. transportation & communication issues, financial burden of maintaining an army & bureaucracy |
| The Four Noble Truths (Buddhism Teachings) | -Under a Bohi tree Siddhartha meditates until he has an Enlightenment, he creates the 4 Noble Truths: 1. Life is Suffering 2. The origins of suffering is desire 3. To stop suffering, one must stop craving 4. Eliminated desire with the 8 fold path |
| Eight Fold Path | 1.View 2. Intentions 3. Speech 4. Action 5. Livelihood 6. Mindfulness 8. Concentration |
| Persian Empire in India | -controlled northwestern India -India exports: spices, perfumes, gems, cotton textiles -India imports: wine, tin, gold Macedonians conquer India & win against India Rajas |
| Confucianism | -Founder: philosopher Kung Zi, became know as westerners as Confucianism -he was born to a noble family, he becomes to a wondering teacher -his disciples wrote his teachings down |
| Confucian Teachings | -system built an accepting & understanding social hierarchy -3 main virtues: 1. Ren: "Humanity" 2. Li: "Ritual" 3. Xiao "Filial Piety" -Five Relationships: 1. Ruler-Minister 2. Father-son 3. Husband-Wife 4. Elder-Younger Brother 5. Friend-Friend |
| Daoism | -Fonder: Laozi ("Old Sage") -Text: Daodejing, "The Classic of the Way" -Seeks natural harmony -teaches to allow natural order to take its course -Best government/leader that does not interfere |
| Legalism | -Founder: Xunzi -Harshest philosophical tradition -strict laws were absolutely central to maintaining order within the state -all were equal before the law |
| Qin Dynasty Achievements | -bureaucratic state based on Legalist teaching -empire divide into provinces & districts -military power -uniformity across empire -built roads, canals, northern fortification, Mausoleum |
| Han Dynasty | -Liu Bang takes over & changes his name to Emperor Gaozu -Chronology: Early Han & Late Han -during the same period as the Roman Empire -"Han Synthesis" is created |
| "Han Synthesis" | -combined aspects of Legalism & Confucianism -strong central bureaucracy -Mandate of Heaven & adoption of Confucian doctrine by state |
Created by:
NickUD
Popular World History sets