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FSHN 459- Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| why is life expectancy increasing? (4) | immunizations, treatment, decreased child mortality, clean/safe water & food |
| which demographic has the highest life expectancy at birth? | hispanic female |
| which demographic has the lowest life expectancy at birth? | black male |
| what is the fastest growing group of people? | >85 years |
| big demographic trend of older adults | older women outnumber men by a significant margin |
| lifespan | maximum number of years someone might live (110-120 years) |
| environment vs access to healthcare | longevity depends 20% on environment, 10% access to healthcare |
| aerobic capacity aging | activation of mitochondriogenesis by exercise may delay impairment in mitochrondrial activity w/ aging |
| limited cell replication theory | all cells contain a genetic code that directs them a certain number of times during lifespan |
| molecular clock theory | telomeres that cap the ends of chromosomes shorten w/ each cell division |
| oxidative stress theory | buildup of ROS, breaks down cell membranes, accumulation of damaged cells and waste |
| calorie restriction and longetivity theory | decrease in in take 25-30% while meeting protein, vitamin, and mineral needs (decreases BMR and oxidative stress) |
| aging comes w/ progressive impairment of___ that results in | biological functions that result in increased vulnerability to environmental challenge and increased risk of disease and death |
| inflammageing | development of chronic low grade inflammatory status (linked to many chronic diseases) |
| CNS aging | decreased blood flow to the brain, decreased cerebral function, blunt thirst/taste/touch sensation and regulation, longer wake cycle |
| vitamin D aging | conversion of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 to 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 is impaired |
| decreased GI things during aging (3) | secretion (saliva, mucus, HCl, enzymes), peristalsis, B12 absorption |
| renal system aging | takes longer to remove waste products (fewer nephrons, less blood flow, slower glomerular filtration rate) |
| endocrine system aging (4) | decreased estrogen/testosterone, secretion of GH, decreased glucose tolerance, ability to convert vitamin D (resistance of parathyroid glad to vit D) |
| musculoskeletal system aging (2) | decreased contractile activity, fluctuation in synthesis & breakdown |
| musculoskeletal system decreased: (3) | lean body mass, resting metabolic rate, strength |
| body composition changes aging | loss of LBM, water, lower reserves |
| prevent body composition changes | "use it or lose it" weight-bearing exercises |
| BMI and weight peak when? | 50s |
| women physical exercise | increase in lean body mass |
| men physical exercise | slowed total weight and body fat gains |
| changes in olfaction | less ability to identify smells (spoiled or overcooked), possible blunted sense of enjoyment of food |
| sensual awareness gender differences | women higher than men throughout lifespan |
| changes in taste | # and structure of taste buds not significantly altered (functionality may change), disease and medications alter them more than age |
| saliva aging | lack of it-> slower absorption, higher sensitivity of oral cavity |
| enzyme found in saliva | amylase |
| appetite and thirst | over- and under-eating occurs due to lack of regulation mechanisms; less effective thirst regulating mechanisms |
| vulnerability to inadequate nutrition (3) | decreased appetite from loneliness, depression, drugs; lack of financial resources; limited access due to disability |
| major indicators of compromised nutritional status (4) | weight loss, underweight/overweight, low serum albumin, inappropriate food intake |
| energy intake regulation | communication among brain, pancreas, adipose, GI, and circulation |
| what affects protein needs? (3) | low calorie diet, inactivity, stress mediators |
| how much protein? | 0.8g/kg/day |
| assessment of protein adequacy (2) | wound healing and infection |
| changes in protein metabolism during bedrest/inactivity & how to remedy it | higher N excretion due to lack of muscle protein synthesis; use AA supplement |
| 2 problems w/ animal proteins | red meat/poultry increase likelihood of DM; preservatives/additives can damage beta cells |
| carbohydrates | lactase deficiency can develop |
| n3 PUFA | protective against cognitive decline, Alzheimer's, depression |
| diet & (age-related) cognitive disorders (3 nutrients involved in) | n3 PUFA, antioxidants, B vitamins |
| ___ exerts effects against mood disorders | folate |
| risk factors of Alzheimer's (6) | HTN, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, smoking, diabetes, obesity |
| brain is very susceptible to ___ and how remedied? | oxidative stress b/c of many mitochondria; DHA is anti-inflammatory & an antioxidant |
| __ completes with ___ for sn2 position on membrane phospholipids | DHA; ARA |
| how does MyPlate differ? (5) | fluids vs dairy; bright vegetables; knife (lack of distraction); eat w/ others, exercise |
| 3 factors that reduce intake | monotonous diets; too large of portion size; inappropriate mealtimes |
| 3 factors that promote intake | appetizing appearance, liquids (between meals), eating at the same time(s) every day |
| beta carotene functions | cognitive function, eyes, cancer |
| vitamin E benefits | antioxidant, helps express an enzyme that decreases AA production, enhanced immune function, enhanced cognitive status |
| reasons for D deficiency (4) | less exposure to UV, compromised conversion, resistance of parathyroid hormone to vitamin D, drug interactions |
| for the same vitamin D level, ___ is ____ higher in elderly than adolescents | PTH is 2x higher |
| low levels of vitamin D associated w/ | decreased cognitive functioning in the elderly |
| calcium supplements have possible effects on what? (2) | cardiovascular health and kidney stones |
| higher serum calcium associated w/ higher rates of ___ | CV events in postmenopausal women w/ osteoporosis |
| vitamin C functions (2) | antioxidant, synthesis of catecholamines and neurotransmitters from AAs |
| folate (3) | low intake; protect against vascular disorders, cognitive decline, mood disorders |
| B12 deficiency outcomes (2) | atrophic gastritis (bacterial overgrowth), irreversible neurological symptoms |
| iron homeostasis is essential in ___ | maintaining CNS function |
| causes of iron deficiency (3) | blood loss from disease or medication, poor absorption, low kcal intake |
| excess iron | causes oxidative stress that can lead to cognitive disorders |
| effects of Zn deficiency (3) | cognitive impairment, delayed wound healing, decreased taste acuity |
| effects of excess Zn (2) | immune impairment, more in Alzheimer's brains |
| magnesium | few get enough; >300 enzyme systems |
| Paullinia cupana | guarana (contains more caffeine than coffee) |
| caffeine | more sensitive to stimulating effects of caffeine |
| selenium (4) | antioxidant, immune, detoxifying, and brain functions |
| flavanoids and flavanols found in | cocoa, dark chocolate, red wine, tea |
| cocoa flavanols | heart health, brain function |
| flavanols study | 2 cups cocoa per day for 1 month= better cognitive function and blood flow to the brain |
| teas | contribute fluid and antioxidants |
| prebiotics | feed health-promoting colon bacteria (FOS and GOS) |
| prebiotics may enhance ___ absorption | calcium |
| probiotics help with what? (3) | lactose intolerance, allergies, immunity |
| synbiotics | prebiotics + probiotics |
| plant sterols/stanols | compete with cholesterol in small intestine |
| substitute morbidity and mortality | lower mortality is offset by increase in morbidity associated w/ chonic/degenerative conditions |
| homocysteine | if elevated, higher CHD risk; B vitamin deficiency causes higher levels |
| hypertension | higher BP puts more force on potential vessel blockages |
| hypertension genders | 3/4 of females over 75; 2/3 of males over 75 years |
| factors that predispose elderly to DM (4) | decreased insulin secretion, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, medications (other obvious ones) |
| 30-75% of DM complications are attributable to ___ | hypertension |
| metabolic dis-regulation associated w/ obesity and DM accelerates progression of ____ | sarcopenia (and functional decline) |
| obesity and body composition (2) | increased risk of cognitive disability; fat mass redistributes in the abdominal area |
| sarcopenic obesity | excess body fat and reduced skeletal muscle mass and/or strength |
| osteoporosis is most common in which race? | caucasians |
| bone loss is accelerated due to what? | estrogen and testosterone loss |
| weight bearing exercise (2) | grows due to pressure on the bone tissue; increases mineral deposits |
| PTH increases blood calcium levels by (3) | increased absorption, decreased urinary excretion, releasing calcium from bones |
| minerals involved in bone building (8) | Ca, Mg, P, F, B, Zn, Cu, Mn |
| vitamins involved in bone building (how?) | C: development of collagen and bone matrix D: active transport of Ca K: formation of proteins to ^ osteoblast building & ^ osteoclast bone resorption |
| calcium supplement controversy | increased risk of coronary events for both men and women |
| 2/3 of Alzheimer's patients are which gender? | women |
| obesity and cognitive decline | excess hormones and cytokines, higher risk of dementia |
| nutrients that may have a protective effect against cognitive decline (7) | n3 PUFA, vitamin C, folate, B6, B12, zinc, selenium |
| caffeine and cognitive decline | prolonged caffeine intake is associated w/ lower cognitive decline |
| mechanism of caffeine and cognitive decline | longer basal dendrites and higher # of spines in hippocampal neurons |
| hobby participation and cognitive function (3 theories) | use it or lose it, cognitive reserve, positive affect |
| stress and cognitive decline | glucocorticoids released; responsible for memory, emotional regulation (chronic exposure=bad) |
| flavanols function | enhance dendate gyrus (function decreases w/ aging) measured by fMRI and cognitive testing |
| GI diseases (5) | GERD, changes in acidity, constipation, diarrhea, food intolerances |
| nutritional remedies for GERD (5) | omit chemically/mechanically irritating foods, low-fat, non-spicy, caffeine/fermented, alcohol |
| vitamin B12 deficiency is called | pernicious anemia (often due to hypochlorhydria) |
| food-bound B12 malabsorption (causes) (3) | inflammation, bacterial overgrowth, antacids |
| effects of B12 deficiency (3) | neurological damage, walking/balance disturbances, cognitive impairment |
| general nutritional remedies for inflammatory diseases (6) | weight loss, antioxidant, vit D, flavonoids, vegetarian, food allergies |
| sleep and risk of disease | <6 or >9 related to all cause mortality among others |
| what is health | not just absence of disease; dynamic |
| centenarian | >100 years old |
| no national birth registration system until | 1940 |
| 90% of centenarians in okinawa are | women |
| majority of centenarians in Sardinia, Italy are | males |
| supercentenarian | >110 |
| okinawa centenarian study | slower age related decline; fewer Alzheimer's, CVD, cancer |
| why a longer life? (5) | medical, public health infrastructure, housing, income, nutrition |
| secret to longetivity | "ikigai"- that which make's one's life worth living |
| daily exercise (3) | provides energy, reduces stress, contributes to a sense of community |
| Okinawans relationship w/ food | they look for meaning and see it as a social activity |
| seasonal food | Okinawans get a constant diversity of nutrients because it changes throughout the seasons |
| hara hachi bu | 80% full (Confucian-inspired) |
| Okinawans eat ___ ___, ___ ___ | fewer calories, more food |
| Paramount foods of Okinawans | F&V; more nutrients; higher antioxidants |
| meatless protein sources | soy (antioxidants/phytochemicals), seafood (n-3) |
| lack of sleep can lead to (3) | overeating, decreased cognitive function, depression |
| gujah | having a strong-willed character; hold yourself accountable |
| adaptability | characteristic of Okinawans- challenges and setback can keep one cognitively aware and mentally strong |
| overarching character traits to meaningful longevity (3) | enthusiasm, curiosity, open-mindedness |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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