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Chapter 11 Id & Def
Chapter 11 Identify and Define
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mecca | The city in the Hejaz and the capital of Makkah Province in Saudi Arabia. |
| Bedouins | Many Arab clans occupied Arabia at the time of Muhammad. Nomadic herders. |
| Kaaba | Arabs came to pray at this place, an ancient shrine that Muslims today believe was built by the prophet Abraham. |
| Khadija | A wealthy widow who ran a prosperous caravan business. |
| Quran | The sacred word of God as revealed to Muhammad. |
| People of the Book | Spiritually superior to polytheistic idol worshipers. |
| Sharia | Regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, and other aspects of a Muslims community. |
| Oasis | Fertile area in a desert, watered by a natural well or spring. |
| Hijra | Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina in 622. |
| Monotheistic | Believing in one God. |
| Mosque | Muslim house of worship. |
| Hajj | One of the Five Pillars of Islam, the pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims are expected to make at least once in their lifetime. |
| Jihad | In Islam, an effort in God's service. |
| Abu Bakr | Successor of Muhammad. Refused to follow Abu Bakr and withdrew their loyalty to Islam. Succeeded in reuniting the Arabs. |
| Battle of Tours | In 711 the Arabs crossed the Strait of Gibraltar into Spain and pushed north into France. |
| Fatima and Ali | Were Muhammad's daughter and son-in-law. The Shiites argued that the only true successors to the Prophet were desecendants. |
| Sufi | Muslim mystics who sought communion with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals. |
| Umayyads | Had to adapt from desert life to ruling large cities and huge territories. |
| Abbassids | Abu al-Abbas founded this dynasty, which lasted until 1258. |
| Harun al-Rashid | Ruled Beghdad from 786 to 809. Harun was admired as a model ruler. He was viewed as a symbol of wealth and splendor. |
| Seljuks | Migrated into the Middle East from Central Asia. Adopted Islam and built a large empire across the Fertile Crescent. |
| Tamerlane | Mongol leader, Timur the Lame, led his armies into the Middle East. Victorious armies overran Persia and Mesopotamia. |
| Caliph | Successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims. |
| Minaret | Slender tower of mosque, from which Muslims are called to prayer. |
| Muezzin | Mosque official who climbs to the top of a minaret to call the faithful to prayer. |
| Sultan | Muslim ruler. |
| Omar Khayyam | Famous in the Muslim world as a scholar and astronomer, is best known to westerners for The Rubaiyat. |
| Averroes | In Cordoba, the philosopher Ibn Rushd - Known in Europe as Averroes put all knowledge except the Quran to the test of reason. |
| Muhammad al-Razi | Head Physician at Baghdad's chief hospital Wrote many books on medicine. |
| Avicenna | For 500 years, the works of Avicenna and al-Razi were the standard medical textbooks at European schools. |
| Social Mobility | Ability to move up in social class. |
| Arabesque | Intricate design made up of curved lines that suggest floral shapes, used to decorate rugs, textiles, and glassware. |
| Calligraphy | Fancy or stylized handwriting. |
| Sikhism | His teaching led to the rise of a new religion. |
| Babur | Who claimed descent from Genghiz Khan and Tamerlane. Was a military genius, poet, and author. |
| Mughal | Babur swept away the remnants of the Delhi sultanate and set up the Mughal dynasty, which ruled from 1526 to 1857. |
| Nur Jahan | Was the wife of Jahangir who left most details of government. |
| Taj Mahal | When Shah Jahan's wife died , Mumtaz Mahal, he had a stunning tomb built for her. |
| Sultante | Land ruled by a sultan. |
| Caste | In traditional Indian society, unchangeable social group into which a person is born. |
| Rajah | Elected warrior chief of an Aryan tribe in ancient India; local Hindu ruler ruler in India. |
| Sinan | A janizary military engineer, designed hundreds of mosques and palaces. |
| Isfahan | A center of the international silk trade. Controlled by Armenians. |
| Millet | In the Ottoman empire, a religious community of non-Muslims. |
| Janizary | Elite force of the Ottoman army. |
| Shah | King. |
Created by:
Eric Villegas
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