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World History
Chapter 11 Identify and Define
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Mecca | Arabian marketplace town |
Bedouins | nomadic herders |
Kaaba | an ancient shrine that Muslims today believe was built by the prophet Abraham |
Khadija | a wealthy widow who ran a prosperous caraban business |
Quran | the sacred text of Islam |
People of the Book | Jews and Christians are "People of the Book," spiritually superior to polytheistic idol worshipers. |
Sharia | Islamic system of law |
Oasis | a fertile area in a desert, watered by a natural well or spring. |
Hijra | a journey in which Muhammad and his followers left Mecca for Yathrib |
Monotheistic | Belief in one God |
Mosque | houses of worship |
Hajj | Pilgrimage to Mecca |
Jihad | effort in God's service, as another duty. |
Abu Bakr | An early convert to Islam who was determined to continue the prophets work, and then faced crises later on only for him to reunite the Arabs. |
Battle of Tours | A battle in 732 where the Muslims were defeated by the people of Spain |
Fatima and Ali | The daughter of son-in law of Muhammad who were chosen by the Shiites to be the successors of the prophet. |
Sufi | A tradition who sought communication with God through fasting, meditation, and rituals |
Umayyades | A group who relied of local official to influence Arab rulers. The Shiites hated them for killing Ali and killed Fatima |
Abbassids | A group who wiped out the Umayyades. They ended Arab dominance and gotten the empire of the Caliph to its greatest. |
Harun al-Rashid | A Caliph who ruled from 786 to 809. He was admired as a model ruler and viewed as the wealth and splendor |
Seljukes | People who migrated from Central Asia to the Middle East adopting Islam and tried to threaten the Byzantine Empire. |
Tamerlane | A military leader who led his army into the Middle East with the ambition to conquer the Muslims. |
Caliph | Successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims. |
Minaret | Slender tower of Moscow, from which Muslims are called to prayer. |
Muezzin | Moscow official who climbs to the top of a minaret to call the faithful to prayer. |
Sultan | A muslim ruler |
Omar Khayyám | A famous scholar and astronomer, is best known to westerners as "The Rubáiyát". |
Averroes | A nickname for the philosopher Ibn Rushd who puts all knowledge except the Quaren to the test of reason. |
Muhammad al-Razi | One of the original medical thinker who wrote many books on medicine, including pioneering measles and smallpox. |
Avicennia | A standard medical textbook at European schools for those studying medicine. |
Social Mobility | Ability to move up in a social class. |
Arabesque | Intricate designs with curved lines that suggest floral shapes, used to decorate rugs, textile, and glassware. |
Calligraphy | Fancy or stylized handwriting. |
Sikhism | a religion with mixed Islamic and Hindu beliefs |
Babur | Babur was a military genius, poet, and author. |
Mughal | Mughal is the persian word for Mongol. |
Nur Jahan | Nur Jahan is the wife of Jahangir. Jahangir left many details of government in her hands. Nur Jahan was one of the most powerful women in Indian history. |
Taj Mahal | The Taj Mahal was built as a tomb for Mumtaz Mahal when she died. |
Sultanate | land ruled by a sultan |
Caste | in traditional Indian society, unchangeable social group into which a person is born |
Rajah | elected warrior chief of an Aryan tribe in ancient India; local Hindu ruler in India |
Sinan | A famous muslim architect who designed hundreds of Mosques and made a dome with a larger diameter and taller than the Hagia Sophia. |
Isfahan | The capitol that Abba built, which became the center of the international silk trade. |
Millet | Non-Muslim religious community. janizary - elite of Ottoman army. |
Janizary | Best soldiers, army elite. |
Shah | king in Persia (Iran). |