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Chapter 11
Chapter 11 Identify and Define
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mecca | An Arabian town of trade and commerce where Muhammad was born and where he started the religion of Islam |
| Bedouins | Nomadic herders who roamed in search of scarce pasture land. |
| Kaaba | An ancient shrine believed to have been built by Abraham |
| Khadija | Muhammad's wife, and the first to convert to Islam |
| Quran | The Muslim holy book |
| People of the Book | Muslims' view of Christians and Jews, who worshiped the same God and were considered better than polytheistic idol worshippers |
| Sharia | The Muslim system of law which applies the Quran to all legal matters. |
| oasis | Fertile area in a desert, watered by a natural well or spring |
| hijra | Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 |
| monotheistic | Believing in one God |
| mosque | Muslim house of worship |
| hajj | One of the five pillars of Islam, the pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims are expected to make at least once in their lifetime |
| jihad | In Islam, an effort in God's service |
| Abu Bakr | The first caliph that reunited the Arabs after Muhammad's death |
| Battle of Tours | The battle in 732 where the Muslim armies were finally defeated, which halted the progression of their conquest |
| Fatima and Ali | Muhammad's daughter and son-in-law |
| Sufi | An Islam tradition followed by Muslim mystics who sought communion with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals, and also spread Muslim beliefs as missionaries |
| Umayyads | the dynasty following the death of Ali, led by his family, and ruling the empire from thereon |
| Abbassids | the dynasty established by Abu al-Abbas, who captured Damascus in 750 and ended the Umayyad family dynasty |
| Harun al-Rashid | The honored ruler of Baghdad under which the city reached its peak |
| Seljuks | The Seljuk Turks ruled over Baghdad while leaving an Abbassid caliph as a figurehead, and their actions led the Pope to start the First Crusade |
| Tamerlane | A Mongol leader that came to rule over the Middle East |
| caliph | succesor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims |
| minaret | slender tower of a mosque |
| muezzin | mosque official who climbs to the top of a minaret to call the faithful to prayer |
| sultan | Muslim law |
| Omar Khayyám | A Persian Muslim known for "The Rubaiyat," a collection of four-line poetry |
| Averroёs | A Muslim philosopher that put all knowledge except the Quran to the test of reason |
| Muhammad al-Razi | Head physician at Baghdad's chief hospital. Wrote several books on medicine and introduced new ideas on medicine. |
| Avicenna | Famous Persian physician who wrote "Canon on Medicine". |
| social mobility | the ability to move up in social class |
| arabesque | intricate design made up of curved lines that suggest floral shapes, used to decorate rugs, textiles, and glassware |
| calligraphy | fancy or stylized handwriting |
| Sikhism | A blend of Islam and Hindu beliefs into one religion. |
| Babur | A powerful leader of the Turks and Mongols who claimed to be descended from Genghis Khan and Tamerlane. |
| Mughal | A dynasty of the Mongolians set up by Babur. |
| Nur Jahan | The most powerful woman in Indian history, she was the wife of Jahangir with shrewd political judgement. |
| Taj Mahal | A beautiful tomb built by Shah Jahan, for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. |
| sultanate | land ruled by a sultan |
| caste | in traditional Indian society, unchangeable social group into which a person is born |
| rajah | elected warrior chief of an Aryan tribe in ancient India; local Hindu ruler in India |
| Sinan | A royal architect who designed many mosques and palaces. |
| Isfahan | A city that was the capital of the Safavids and the center of international silk trade. |
| millet | in the Ottoman empire, a religious community of non-Muslims |
| janizary | elite force of the Ottoman army |
| shah | king |
Created by:
daviddunham
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