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FSHN 459- Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| weight just after birth (1st week) | 6-10% 1st day, 1st week get back to BW |
| 4-6 months growth | 2x BW |
| 6-12 months growth | rate slows |
| 12 months growth | 3x BW |
| 12 months length | increase by 50% |
| when use WHO growth charts? | 0-2 years |
| when use CDC growth charts? | >2 years |
| growth charts are based on (4) | weight for age, weight for length, length for age, head circumference |
| 0-2 percentile weight for length | underweight |
| 2-5 percentile weight for length | at risk of underweight |
| 5-98 percentile weight for length | healthy weight for length |
| 98+ percentile weight for length | overweight |
| feeding as a developmental opportunity | mealtime stimulates language development |
| infant reflexes | controlled by CNS; root/suckle/suck |
| suckle | tongue movements |
| root | touch baby's cheek, it turns head and opens mouth |
| infant motor skill development order | top down, central to peripheral |
| infant motor skills influence what? | ability to feed, amount of calories expended |
| infant sensorimotor development example | putting things in mouth |
| cognitive development infancy- why important? | need social and emotional stimulation to maximize brain maturation |
| holding/physical contact with babies | important for cognitive development |
| digestive system development newborns | swallowed amniotic fluid stimulates intestine, levels of enzymes increase with time |
| fats infancy | short and medium chain more readily utilized than long chain, but limited conversion PUFA (should be provided) |
| why essential fats are important for infants | EPA: substates, DHA: immunologic/phospolipids in retina and brain, energy |
| iron in infants | supplemental for exclusively BF infants |
| lead infants | interferes with calcium and iron absorption, slowed growth |
| thrifty hypothesis | perinatal food deprivation and adult incidence of obesity, TIIDM, HT, CVD |
| predictive adaptive response | LBW show catch-up during 1st year- exacerbates diseases later in life |
| weaning from BM/HMS | 12-24 months, introduce water via cup at 6-8 months |
| food allergies and intolerances infancy | don't avoid foods (except under 1 year) |
| organic failure to thrive | inadequate wt or ht from a health problem |
| inorganic failure to thrive | environmental cause |
| Inappropriate early nutrition leads to | abnormal adipose tissue distribution, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, high BP |
| Preterm infants are at risk for | suboptimal neurodevelopment etc |
| Correction for gestational age | substract gestational age at birth from 40 |
| Born at 28 weeks corrected age | 3 months preterm (12 wks), so subtract 3 months form actual age |
| VLBW/ELBW infants | need respiratory support/GI tract problems |
| Enteral feeding | intestinal |
| Parenteral feeding | IV etc |
| Gavage feeding | tube from mouth or nose into stomach (ideal b/c want to use as much of GI tract as possible) |
| Gastrostomy feeding | directly into stomach |
| Jejunostomy feeding | directly into jejunum |
| Elevated preterm nutrient requirements (what stores are low)? | fat/glycogen, Ca, P, Fe, fat soluble vitamins |
| Forms of protein for preterm infants | may need hydrolyzed or single AAs |
| Fats preterm | 55% of kcal, supplement w/ MCT oil (don’t need bile) |
| Supplemental fats preterm | essential and MCT |
| Vitamins/minerals preterm | need >DRI (not provided in BM) |
| Preterm infant formulas | extra vitamins/minerals and extra calories |
| Preterm/bone mass | most rapid bone growth in 3rd trimester (at risk for low bone mass) |
| Non-nutritive effect of BM on bone development | maybe immunologic benefits |
| Why iron not in human milk fortifier | creates ROS |
| Measuring height of toddlers | <2 recumbent; >2 standing |
| When do growth charts change | 24 months (WHO==>CDC) |
| STRONG kids program | 1st 6 months associated w/ picky eating in early childhood |
| No picky eaters | parents enable picky eating behavior |
| Parent provides (5) | regular schedule, child-size portions, variety of food, limited distractions, family mealtime |
| Child decides | what to eat, how much to eat, whether or not to eat |
| Recommended toddler food intake | 1TBSP per year of age; regular but flexible |
| Food jags | focus/fixation on one food item |
| What types of food to toddlers prefer? | sweet and slightly salty |
| Special events (toddler) | special associated w/ fatty food |
| Context (toddler) | bad if meals are argumentative or hurried |
| What 2 things not to do w/ toddlers? | restricting/bribing with food |
| What considered for toddler nutrition? | gender, height, weight, physical activity |
| What 5 nutrients aren't met in toddlers? | Fe, Ca, D, Zn, N3 |
| Fiber infants | too much is bad, but only getting ½ recommended |
| Lead poisoning infants | brain/blood/kidneys (IQ , behavior) |
| Physical activity pre-school | getting basic motor skills, “active play” |
| Active play pre-school | enjoyment (intrinstically), often appears purposeless |
| Active play curve | upside down U/peaks in early childhood |
| Causes of toddler obesity (4) | marketing/convenience of foods, inactivity, parental obesity, screen time |
| Treatment of toddler obesity | maintain weight, set expectations |
| Sleep and obesity preschool | <9.5 hours; maybe low leptin or high ghrelin |
| Celiac disease preschool/highest populations | usually symptoms develop by 2 years (highest middle eastern or Irish) |
| Possible causes of ADHD | genetics, harmful exposures (alcohol, tobacco, lead) |
| Feeding habits ADHD | rigid/self-restricted; drink calories; more likely to have deficiencies |
| Autism food habits | rigid food choices; gluten or casein free may work |
| Pulmonary problems preschool | hunger and fullness cues harder to interpret b/c of fatigue |
| Why nutrition is important preadolescent | sports, academic, health problems |
| 5 pillars of Let’s Move! | healthy start, empowering parents, healthy foods in schools, access to healthy foods, physical activity |
| CDC BMI growth charts | <5 underweight; 85-95 overweight; >95 obese |
| When does BMI increase in childhood? | around age 6 |
| Restrictive intake childhood | more influence over hunger and satiety; influenced by parental restrictive intake |
| Excess nutrients childhood | fat, sat fat, sugar, salt |
| Low nutrient childhood | omega 3* |
| Fiber childhood | half recommended amount |
| Dental caries childhood | 50% have decay (soda) |
| Obesity children trend/paradox | increasing w/out increase in energy intake |
| Obesity different countries | more obese in developing than developed |
| Obesity and school | significant amount of time, 35% of food, 50% of energy |
| School lunch | cash and commodity foods provided, direct link b/w food policy and what kids eat at school |
| Consequence of childhood obesity | physically developed sooner (others) |
| Target areas for childhood obesity (4) | breakfast, child involvement, positive environment, communication |
| Treatment of childhood obesity | weight maintenance and height increases; behavior change/not numbers |
| Optimal defaults | make environment safer, people are healthier as a consequence |
| Unit bias | people tend to consume the portion they’re given |
| Proposed legislation Kelly Brownell | 1 penny per ounce of soda |
| Food intolerance | non-immune mediated reaction to food (may take days) |
| Food allergies | response of immune system to certain foods (symptoms appear rapidly) |
| Sensitization (allergies) | GI tract, consequence of prior exposure |
| Allergy prevalence | increasing (small %) |
| What allergies resolve by school age? | milk, eggs, soy |
| What allergies are “permanent”? | peanut, tree nut, seafood |
| Vitamin D and allergies | if vitamin D deficient, more likely to have allergic sensitization to allergens |
| Cow’s milk allergy | accidental exposure very likely, negative quality of life |
| SOTI cows milk | may lessen allergy through incremental administration of cow’s milk |
| Egg allergy | egg white proteins, heavily glycolsylated, cooking may reduce allergenic activity |
| Egg allergy childhood | vaccines, limitations |
| Peanut allergy | prevalence are increasing, anaphylactic reactions |
| Prevalence of peanut allergy | hygiene hypothesis, timing of introduction, additives (cause unknown) |
| Obesity and allergies | may increase prevalence (systemic inflammation) |
| Parental allergy | sex dependent association |
| US food labeling (allergies) | must state if has allergen or derived protein |
| Anxiety and food allergies | anxiety about possible exposure; discomfort associated w/ eating |
| factors influencing needs of childhood chronic conditions (2) | energy output, protein needs |
| other nutrients chronic conditions | begin with DRI; varies widely (medications may increase turnover rate of nutrients) |
| growth assessment chronic conditions | special charts (e.g. Down's Syndrome); age and secondary conditions affect growth |
| meeting nutritional needs of chronic conditions | 1st choice: food and beverage orally |
| eating and feeding problems chronic conditions | most children with developmental delays have feeding difficulties |
| TIDM | 10-14 years onset; peak incidence is becoming earlier |
| why increase in type 1 diabetes? | increased exposure to triggers of autoimmunity |
| hygiene hypothesis | decreased exposure to infections agents (type 1 diabetes) |
| hygiene hypothesis most common populations | low population density, first born, fewer siblings **higher in more educated/richer people |
| which vitamin is correlated with type 1 diabetes and allergies? | vitamin D (mediates immune effects) |
| risk factors for T2DM in youth | small for gestational age or large for gestational age |
| cystic fibrosis | thick mucus clogs lungs and lack pancreatic enzymes (higher energy needs) |
| cystic fibrosis nutritional interventions | pancreatic enzyme supplements |
| cerebral palsy nutrition related secondary effects (2) | GERD, constipation |
| cerebral palsy feeding problems | spilling, longer mealtimes |
| cerebral palsy problem nutrients | bone density (no weight bearing movement)-> calcium and vitamin D |
| caloric needs cerebral palsy | depends if involuntary/voluntary muscle movement occurs |
| ADHD nutrition interventions (3) | antioxidants, omega 3s, avoid additives |
| cause of autism | genetic, environmental, or both? |
| autism GI disturbances | most have GI symptoms; could be malabsorption or leaky gut syndrome |
| autism has increased incidence of what? (2) | overweight/obesity and allergies/intolerances |
| Opioid excess theory | (Austism); intolerance to casein/gluten because peptides bind to opioid receptors |
| What diet may help with autism? | gluten, casein, and lactose free |
| changes of puberty (4) | sexual maturation, ht/wt, skeletal mass, *body composition |
| patterns of growth puberty | large variation (biological vs chronological age) |
| changes of skeletal mass adolescence | 1/2 of peak is accrued during adolescence |
| nutritional factors contributing to accretion of bone mass during puberty | caffeine, alcohol, Ca/D/minerals/protein |
| eating habits adolescence | snacks up to 1/3 intake, skipping meals more common (BF most commonly skipped); TV during meals |
| role of parents in adolescent eating | provide nutritious foods, model healthy choices, eat breakfast w/ kid (or at all) |
| frequency of family meals | inversely associated w/ disordered eating, BMI, substance use, depression |
| SSBs adolescence | 84%, 30 oz per day |
| zinc adolescence | need/retention increases during growth spurts (sexual maturation) |
| calcium adolescence | need and absorption higher during adolescence (more than any other time except infancy) |
| adolescence vit D | parathyroid hormone becomes elevated if deficient; demineralization of bones ensues |
| bones and soda | high phosphate impairs vit D activation |
| physical activity adolescence | lifelong activity patters develop; 60 minutes per day |
| what puts individuals at risk for disordered eating? (3) | perfectionism, genetics, early age of menarche |
| normal eating | flexible, varies w/ hunger, feelings, schedule, proximity to food |
| dieting behaviors | dieting and weight loss efforts predict more weight gain in adolescents |
| dieting consequences (4) | weight gain, less nutritious foods, binge-eating, development of eating disorders |
| family weight talk and dieting | (teasing/dieting) never produced better outcomes in girls (study) |
| anorexia commonly causes | amenorrhea |
| bulimia | weight is not a predictor (maintenance or fluctuations) |
| binge-eating disorder | not followed by compensatory behavior |
| online media body image | pro-ana, fashion, home decor; exp group= negative affect, thinking about weight afterwards |
| body dissatisfaction increased risk of | decreased activity (clothes, scared of trying, etc) |
| exercise, depression, and adolescence | synthesis and metabolism of serotonin; positive effect is especially strong during adolescence |
| disordered eating and bone mineral density | cortisol will inhibit osteoblast replication (decrease BMD) |
| behavioral objectives for healthy wt mgmt in adolescents (3) | breakfast, mindful eating, "normal eating" |
| preventing obesity and eating disorders (4) | eat healthy, activity, positive self-talk, assume overweight teens have experiences weight mistreatment and address it with them and their families |
| TED talk eating disorders | controversial model |
| emotional/symbolic dimensions of food | research tends to ignore this and focus on rational barriers ("fitting in") |
| best predictor of adult obesity | adolescent obesity |
| general guidelines for weight mgmt therapy (2) | learner-center, accomplishments/positives |
| sports nutrition | protein; vulnerable to special diets |
| hydration/adolescent sports nutrition | vulnerable to heat illness |
| ergogenic supplements side effects | many, renal function |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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