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Protestant Reform.
The Protestant Reformation -World History
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Protestant Reformation | Series of movements to change Catholic practice or start new churches. |
| Salvation | Saving of the soul in the afterlife. |
| Simony | Buying and selling of church offices. |
| Indulgences | Reduction of time in Purgatory (some orders were selling them). |
| Inquisition | System of Church courts set up to punish heretics (challengers of Church teachings). |
| Christian Humanists | Authors who tried to combine religious values with humanist ideas. |
| Desiderius Erasmus | Criticized Church emphasis on money, power wanted people to read the Bible for themselves. |
| Sir Thomas More | Author of Utopia (perfect society) Equal education for men and women |
| Martin Luther | German monk, critical indulgences, Wrote 95 Theses as a response. |
| The 95 Theses | Luther's thoughts on indulgences and salvation nailed to the church door in his hometown. |
| "faith alone" | Luther's main idea - true faith was the only thing required for salvation. |
| Peace of Augsburg | Resolved religious wars in the HRE. Each state could chose it's own church. |
| John Calvin | Swiss reformer. Known for the idea of predestination. |
| Predestination | Idea that some had already been chosen to be saved. |
| Puritans | English Calvanists; Wanted a "pure" church. |
| Henry VIII (8th) | English King; created the Anglican Church to end his (1st) marriage and add to his power. |
| Act of Supremacy | Made the English monarch head of the Church of England. |
| Elizabeth I (1st) | Queen of England from 1558-1603. Stressed nationalism over religious issues. |
| Catholic Reformation | Church responses to Protestant movements win back old followers, gain new ones as well. |
| Council of Trent | Meetings of Catholic Leadership made some reforms, held to some old policies. |
| Society of Jesus | Also known as the Jesuits. Missionaries spread Catholic faith worldwide. |
| Index | Lists of books and authors banned by the Catholic Church. |
| Conditions within the Catholic Church that showed a need for reform | -Pluralism (clergy holding many titles) left some dioceses without leaders -Nepotism (favors based on family) -Sale of indulgences implied that the rich got to heaven faster -More people wanted to read the Bible for themselves |
| Conditions of Catholic Church | Overall sense that the Church was focusing on money and power, not as much about salvation. |
| Ideas and Teachings of Martin Luther | Salvation comes from faith alone - not indulgences People should read the Bible for themselves All occupations are equal; priests are no better than others |
| Ideas and Teachings of John Calvin | Some souls have already been chosen for salvation (predestination) No one knows for sure if they've been saved; hard work and prayers were signs. Don't let anything distract from doing God's will (leads to Puritan movements) |
| Challenges to Church in Germany | Luther's 95 Theses Split among German states Peace of Augsburg |
| Challenges to Church in Switzerland | Calvin's Teachings theocracy in Geneva |
| Challenges to Church in England | Henry VIII Issue of divorce formed Church of England Act of Supremacy |
| Steps taken by the Catholic Church to "counter" the Reformation | Strengthened the inquisition (esp. in Spain) Council of Trent- Ended sale of indulgences, reinforced other traditions Society of Jesus set up missions and schools to spread the Catholic message Index of books and authors banned by the Church |
| In the beginning, Henry VIII.... | was a good Catholic Criticized Luther's teachings Named "Defender |
| Catherine of Aragon | Was married to Henry's brother and was the daughter of a Spanish king. Henry married her to keep ties to Spain. Was not able to give Henry a son - heir. Daughter Mary Henry's 1st wife - marriage annulled |
| Anne Boleyn | Henry's 2nd wife - beheaded |
| Jane Seymour | Henry's 3rd wife - died in labor |
| Anne of Cleves | Henry's 4th wife - divorced |
| Katherine Howard | Henry's 5th wife - beheaded |
| Katherine Parr | Henry's 6th wife - survived Henry |
| Edward | After Henry's death (age 12) 4 year reign |
| Mary Tudor | Married Philip II of Spain Persecuted Protestants "Bloody Mary" 4 year reign |
| Works/Authors banned for religious differences | Martin Luther John Calvin |
| Scientists and Philosophers banned | Machiavelli Bacon Locke Voltaire |
| Thomas Hobbes | English author ALL his works were banned |
| What was required for salvation? | daily/weekly attendance at Mass Sacraments (baptism, communion, etc) Tithing (pledging 10% of income to the church |
| What was the relationship between the church and feudal lords/kings? | Church provided blessing and recognition of lords' authority. Lords/kings provided protection, land, tithing |
| The Black Death | 1348- Wiped out 1/3 of Europe's population, seen by many as Beginning of God's final judgment. Caused people to question Church power and authority. |
| What factors set the stage for the Protestant Reformation? | Anger at the Church practices Changing economy leading to changes in social classes Printing press spread ideas; more interest in translating Bible |
| How did Luther's teachings affect people and society in northern Europe? | Many people left the Church and followed Luther's teachings Religious wars within the Holy Roman Empire |
| How were Calvin's ideas put into practice? | Calvinists set up a theocracy in Geneva Calvinist rebellions in Scotland, France, and elsewhere Groups like the Puritans were based on Calvinist ideas |
| Who were the Anabaptists? | Protestants who rejected the idea of infant baptism Believed infants were too young to understand its meaning |
| Why was the Church of England established? | Pope refused to grant Henry VIII a divorce from Catherine of Aragon Henry VIII also saw opportunity to increase his own authority |
| What was the outcome of the Catholic Reformation? | Europe remained mostly Catholic Some reforms were made within the Church Arts became more deeply religious |
| Why were the Jews and other people persecuted? | They wouldn't convert to Christianity Widespread religious intolerance |
Created by:
mrsvaldez
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