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Week8DiffSocieties
Political organization, economic systems, social structure, nod to globalization
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| large-scale society | high population, socio-economic classes, cities, industry, complex hierarchical government and operating within an international market-driven economy |
| small-scale society | few dozen to several thousand people who hunt and gather, or herd domesticated animals, or farm non-intensively,lack cities and over-arching governments, simple economy of direct exchanges and kinship largely defines how organized. |
| kinship | culturally defined relationships between people and generally refers to how we define "family" from parents to children through generations (descent) and including marriage as well as "fictive" relationships |
| economic anthropology | view economics as mediated by the cultural beliefs and social practices of the people engaged in it. Look at social and cultural basis of economic behavior. |
| 3 area of focus for economic anthropologists | production, exchange, and consumption |
| first large-scale societies | agricultural states |
| large-scale societies today | industrial states |
| nation-state | large-scale society today with extensive borders, many ethnic groups organized by formalized laws under a complex centralized government that exercises far-reaching political authority. |
| Capitalism | market-driven in which value of goods and services including labor determined by the supply and demand. Means of production are privately owned. In theory market works freely and arrives at fairest price and wage. |
| Socialism | the state, ideally as representative of the people, owns means of production and goal is for people's basic needs to take precedence |
| systems of production | how food and other necessities are produced |
| examples of systems of production | foraging (hunting and gathering), pastoralism, horticulture, and intensive agriculture. |
| systems of distribution and exchange | practices that are involved in getting the goods and services produced by a society to its people |
| market economies | highly efficient systems of production, distribution, and exchange |
| characteristics of market economies | (1) Money as means of exchange (2) ability to accumulate capital (wealth) (3) complex economic interactions usually international |
| general purpose money | portable, arbitrarily valued medium of exchange seen in all market economies such as coins and paper money that are standardized in value and accepted by everyone |
| special purpose money | used in limited contexts as medium of exchange. Pastoralists often use livestock as special purpose money |
| when general purpose money replaces special purpose | can dramatically affect social order bu disrupting social value of special purpose money |
| non-market economies | financial gain not prime motivator in exchanges, exchanges are personal with social as important as economic. Function in isolation from market economies |
| barter | characteristic of non-market economies in which goods and services traded without money as exchange medium |
| gift giving | important in non-market economies because enhances social status, reinforces kinship bonds and strengthen social relationships |
| usufruct | in non-market economies ownership for individual only as long as being used with society as real owner. |
| proprietary deed | contrasts to concept of usufruct. With proprietary deed ownership individual remains in control whether use or not and can pass to descendants. |
| "Indian giver" | Ethnocentric misinterpretation of usufruct seen esp. where Euro-American legal system of proprietary deed encountered Native American concept of usufruct |
| 3 types of reciprocity | generalized, balanced, and negative |
| Generalized reciprocity | gift giving without the expectation of an immediate return |
| Balanced reciprocity | immediate return in exchange--you give and you get |
| Negative reciprocity | Unequal exchange and may involve trickery or coercion but not necessarily. |
| Reciprocal exchanges | Each party gives and receives in exchange. Usually results in circulation not accumulation of goods. |
| Redistributive exchanges | Intention is to level extremes of wealth and poverty with wealth moving from rich to poor. In US can see progressive income tax as example. |
| Potlatch | Seen in indigenous cultures of the Northwest Coast region of North America. Social gatherings with elaborate rituals that result in redistribution of goods and services and create web of social obligations |
| Ethnocentrism with regard to potlatch | Canadian government ends Coastal groups potlatches because see as bankrupting the natives. |
| kula ring | Balanced reciprocal exchanges among islanders in southwest Pacific. Shells exchanged in closed circuit that reinforced social as well as economic ties among islanders |
| When exchange systems of small-scale societies absorbed in global commerce | redistribution of wealth from small scale to large-scale societies |
| nuclear family | parents and their children |
| extended family | Nuclear family and add grandparents, grandchildren, and perhaps cousins and so on |
| consanguinity | biological (blood) relationship--consanguinal |
| affinity | relationship by marriage--affinal |
| descent group | a social group through which a person traces actual or supposed kinship relationships |
| fictive kinship | 3rd bond different from affinal and consanguinal used to create links to people who would not be seen as kin such as the godparent/child relationship |
| ego in kinship diagrams | the person for whom all kinship relationships in diagram mapped |
| unilineal descent | trace descent through one line of ancestors, male or female. "uni"=1 |
| patrilineal descent | unilineal descent through father's kin group |
| matrilineal descent | unilineal descent through mother's kin group |
| bilateral descent | trace descent through all biological ancestors, both the mother's and the father's ancestors |
| Political organization | anthropologists use to refer to how people in a society distribute power to resolve problems |
| band | small, groups made up of nuclear families who range within a geographic area or territory to gather and hunt, egalitarian, no rulers, operate by consensus. Hunter gatherers organize in bands |
| tribe | collection of bands with "leader" usually male and became leader by personal charisma, no real power. Essentially egalitarian and may usually larger groups than bands. Tribes in food producers such as horticulturalists or pastoralists. |
| chiefdom | kin-based with hierarchical social structure headed by "chief" who is full-time leader with decision-making authority but without supporting bureaucracy. Chief's family more wealth. See with greater population density but not as stratified as state |
| state | First were agricultural states. Exhibit highest level of political integration with centralized authority. Complex society with cities, specialized division of labor, social stratification, trade networks |
| exchange system in bands and tribes | reciprocal |
| exchange system in chiefdoms | redistributional |
| band fissioning | when conflicts cannot be resolved by consensus in bands then new band splits. |
| globalization | broad-scale transformations resulting from industrialization, technological revolutions such as the Internet, and internationalized economies in which capital, labor, and technology transcend national borders |
| globalization of economies | small-scale societies incorporated into international exchange systems that often redistribute wealth to large-scale societies. Goods today from components produced in several countries on different continents |
| population growth | Most of growth in underdeveloped nations while rate declining in developed nations |
| migration | from poorer to richer nations |
| life expectancy | up by 25 years in since mid-20th century |
| Achilles' heels of globalization (as defined by Goldin) | (1) growing inequality (2) complexity that leads to growing fragility and brittleness |
| social structure | pattern of relationships in a society |
| industrial states | Display the characteristics of states but these large-scale societies employ sophisticated technology to produce goods, whether those are agricultural or manufactured. Most of population in office or factory work not agricultural or foraging activities. |
| first states | agricultural |
| goods and services | commodities such as agricultural products or manufactured items, land, and also labor |
| means of production | non-human inputs such as the machinery and factories that are required to create the goods |
| thesis statement | main idea of your paper and usually appears in the first paragraph |
Created by:
suvetter
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