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Week7Lang&Culture
Linguistics socialization
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Central characteristics of culture | learned and shared |
| Socialization | general process of acquiring culture. Differs from society to society. |
| Communication | act of transferring information to others |
| study of language | linguistics |
| Language spoken by greatest number of people today | Mandarin Chinese |
| Norms | conceptions of appropriate and expected behavior that are held by most members of the society |
| enculturation | process of being socialized to a particular culture |
| world-view | complex of motivations, perceptions, and beliefs that humans internalize and that strongly affect how they interact with other people and things in nature. Small-scale societies people often share same but large-scale societies see variation. |
| indigenous (formerly called "mythological") world-view | humans are not separate from nature and the supernatural |
| metropolitan (formerly called "civilized") world-view | emotional detachment between people and the realms of nature and the supernatural. Animals, plants and other things in nature do not possess human personalities or "spirits." |
| time and world-view | how humans measure time is a social construction. |
| personality | Complex of mental characteristics that makes one person unique and thus different from others. Includes all of the patterns of thought, emotions, and other mental traits that cause a person to do and say things in particular ways. |
| child rearing and personality | child rearing practices of different cultures can influence personality greatly |
| modal personality | Rather than the idea of a "national personality type," modal personality refers to the most common among many personality types in a society. |
| rites of passage | ceremonies that mark the transition from one phase of life to another such as baptisms, weddings, funerals, and so on. |
| Circumcision and Subincision | Genital surgery on boys as part of rite of passage |
| Clitoridectomy and Infibulation | Genital surgery on girls as part of rite of passage |
| Biologist Mark Pagel in his TED talk calls this "a piece of neural audio technology for rewiring other people's minds." | language |
| Biologist Mark Pagel in his TED talk says this is the reason why chimps don't develop more complex tools and why Homo erectus hand axes remained unchanged for 1 million years | They lacked social learning that allowed cumulative cultural adaptation |
| Biologist Mark Pagel in his TED talk proposed that language evolved for this reason | To allow humans to share ideas and vastly improve cooperation and result is explosion of creativity and prosperity |
| For biologist Mark Pagel the thousands of different languages today reveal | the paradox of how language first evolved to enhance cooperation among early modern humans but then became a way to establish distinct identities among human groups. |
| For biologist Mark Pagel today's increasingly connected world may mean what for the world's languages. | The disappearance of the diversity of languages in the standardization required to share technology and ideas and promote cooperation and exchange. One world one language |
| Study of language as a formal system | Can study linguistic structure at many levels from physics of producing sound to physiology of vocal tract to structure of words, phrases, and sentences |
| Study of language as human phenomenon | Study of language from neurology of human brain to history of language changes to how parents teach their children to language establishing social identity |
| Study of language as social phenomenon | Sociolinguistics. Study of language as exchanges between people (discourse analysis) and also language as indicator of social class and different use by men versus women. |
| Applications of linguistics | Teaching and learning other languages, neurolinguistic disorders, revitalizing endangered languages, creating dictionaries, standardizing terminology for effective communication |
| Number of languages in world today | 6000-8000. O'Neil uses 6000-7000 but other sources this week use 7000-8000. |
| First step in extinction of a language | Language is no longer spoken by children |
| "primitive" languages | No language is "primitive." No correlation between a language's grammatical complexity and the technological level of a society or other aspects of culture |
| Symbols | sounds or things which have meaning given to them by the users. That meaning is arbitrarily assigned. |
| language | system of symbols with standard meanings and following set rules through which members of a society communicate with each other. |
| dialect | variant of a language |
| pidgin and creole | Pidgin is makeshift language to allow communication btwn people without common language. Arises in 1 generation. Pidgin may develop into a creole language over generations. |
| phoneme | Basic unit of sound that distinguishes meaning in a language. Phonemes don't have meaning by themselves |
| morpheme | Smallest units of a language that convey meaning. Combo of phonemes. |
| syntax | Rules for phrase and sentence construction in a language |
| Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | Assumes close relationship between language and culture and asserts that language defines people's experiences. Overstatement BUT while language may not determine thought/experience language influences speaker's thinking and world-view. |
| etic categories | classification by outsider's point of view |
| emic categories | classification by insider's point of view |
| paralanguage | auxiliary communication methods such as gestures, tone, glances, and so on. |
| kinesics | body language conveyed through gestures, expressions, postures. |
| proxemics | study of how people in different societies perceive and use space |
| clothing and other forms of bodily adornment as communication | people around world use to communicate status, intentions, and other messages. |
| causes for a language to become extinct | genocide of a people but more common is when a group becomes part of a larger community (whether by choice or force). Often then group is pressured to give up its language such as by keeping children from speaking it. |
| estimates of languages lost | 90% of world's languages may disappear in next century. 500+ languages already considered nearly extinct. |
| preservation of endangered languages | Projects such as Enduring Voices and work of Living Tongues Institute to document as many endangered languages as possible while speakers still alive. Efforts by individual language communities to have elders teach young people. |
| United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization | Among other things, UNESCO works with speakers of endangered languages and governments to stop the linguistic loss and publishes Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger to educate the world. |
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