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Exam 2 - Intro Socio
Exam 2 - Intro to Sociology - Chap 6 - 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Deviant behavior violates social norms. Some forms of ____________ carry a negative social_________, while other forms are more or less accepted. | deviance, stigma |
| Society brings about acceptance of basic norms through techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior. This process is termed... | Social Control |
| Which sociological perspective argues that people must respect social norms if any group or society is to survive? | Functionalist Perspective |
| Stanley Milgram used the word conformity to mean.... | going along with peers. |
| Which sociological theory suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society’s norms? | Control Theory |
| Which sociologist illustrated the boundary-maintenance function of deviance in his study of Puritans in 17th-century New England? | Kai Erikson |
| Which of the following is not one of the basic forms of adaptation specified in Robert Merton’s anomie theory of deviance? | a. conformity b. innovation c. ritualism d. hostility - IS NOT |
| Which sociologist first advanced the idea that an individual undergoes the same basic socialization process whether learning conforming or deviant acts? | Edwin Sutherland |
| Which of the following theories contends that criminal victimization increases when communal relationships and social institutions break down? | Social Disorganization Theory |
| Which of the following conducted observation research on two groups of high school males (the Saints and the Roughnecks) and concluded that social class played an important role in the varying fortunes of the two groups? | William Chambliss |
| If we fail to respect and obey social norms, we may face punishment through informal or formal ______________________ | Sanctions |
| Police officers, judges, administrators, employers, military officers, and managers of movie theaters are all instruments of ______________________ social control. | formal |
| Some norms are considered so important by a society that they are formalized into ______________________ controlling people’s behavior. | Laws |
| It is important to underscore the fact that ______________________ is the primary source of conformity and obedience, including obedience to law. | socialization |
| ______________________ is a state of normlessness that typically occurs during a period of profound social change and disorder, such as a time of economic collapse. | Anomie |
| Labeling theory is also called the ______________________ ______________________ approach. | societal-reaction |
| _____ theorists view standards of deviant behavior as merely reflecting cultural norms, whereas ______ and _____ theorists point out that the most powerful groups in a society can shape laws & standards & determine who is or not prosecuted as a criminal. | Functionalist, conflict, labelling, |
| Feminists contend that prostitution and some forms of pornography are not ______________________ crimes. | Victimless |
| Daniel Bell used the term ___________________ to describe the process during which leadership of organized crime was transferred from Irish Americans to Jewish Americans and later to Italian Americans and others. | ethnic succession |
| Consumer fraud, bribery, and income tax evasion are considered ______________________ ______________________ crimes. | white collar |
| What term describes a condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power? | Social Inequality |
| In Karl Marx’s view, the destruction of the capitalist system will occur only if the working class first develops... | Class consciousness |
| What three things were viewed by Max Weber as analytically distinct components of stratification? | class, status, and power |
| Which sociological perspective argues that stratification is universal and that social inequality is necessary so that people will be motivated to fill socially important positions? | Functionalist perspective |
| British sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf views social classes as groups of people who share common interests resulting from their authority relationships. Dahrendorf’s ideology aligns best with which theoretical perspective? | Conflict Perspective |
| The respect or admiration that an occupation holds in a society is referred to as | Presitge |
| Approximately how many out of every nine people in the United States live(s) below the poverty line established by the federal government? | One |
| Which sociologist has applied functionalist analysis to the existence of poverty and argues that various segments of society actually benefit from the existence of the poor? | Herbert Gans |
| A measure of social class that is based on income, education, and occupation is known as | socioeconomic status |
| A plumber whose father was a physician is an example of... | downward intergenerational mobility. |
| ____________________ is the most extreme form of legalized social inequality for individuals or groups. | Slavery |
| In the ____________________ system of stratification, or feudalism, peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services. | Estate |
| Karl Marx viewed ____________ differentiation as the crucial determinant of social, economic, and political inequality. | class |
| ____________________ ____________________ is the term Thorstein Veblen used to describe the extravagant spending patterns of those at the top of the class hierarchy. | Conspicuous consumption |
| ____________________ poverty is the minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below. | Absolute |
| ____________________ poverty is a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole. | Relative |
| Sociologist William Julius Wilson and other social scientists have used the term ____________________ to describe the long-term poor who lack training and skills. | Underclass |
| Max Weber used the term ____________________ ____________________ to refer to people’s opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences. | Life chances |
| An open class system implies that the position of each individual is influenced by the person’s ____________________ status. | achieved |
| ____________________ mobility involves changes in social position within a person’s adult life. | intragenerational |
| The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period is referred to as | colonialism |
| In viewing the global economic system as divided between nations that control wealth and those that are controlled and exploited, sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein draws on the | conflict perspective |
| Which of the following nations would Immanuel Wallerstein classify as a core country within the world economic system? | Germany |
| Which sociological perspective argues that multinational corporations can actually help the developing nations of the world? | Functionalist Perspective |
| Which of the following terms is used by contemporary social scientists to describe the far-reaching process by which peripheral nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies? | Modernization |
| In at least 22 nations around the world, the most affluent 10 percent receives at least what percentage of all income? | 40 percent |
| Karuna Chanana Ahmed, an anthropologist from India who has studied developing nations, calls which group the most exploited of oppressed people? | Women |
| Which of the following terms is used to refer to Mexico’s large, impoverished majority, most of whom have brown skin and a mixed racial lineage due to intermarriage? | mestizo |
| In Mexico, women now constitute what percentage of the labor force? | 48 percent |
| Which of the following terms refers to the foreign-owned factories established just across the border in Mexico, where the companies that own them don’t have to pay taxes or provide insurance or benefits for their workers? | maquiladoras |
| Colonial domination established patterns of economic exploitation leading to former colonies remaining dependent on more industrialized nations. Such continuing dependence and foreign domination are referred to as ____________________ . | neocolonialism |
| According to Immanuel Wallerstein’s analysis, the United States is at the ____________________ while neighboring Mexico is on the ____________________ of the world economic system. | core, semiperiphery |
| Wallerstein’s world systems analysis is the most widely used version of ____________________ theory. | dependency |
| ____________________ factories are factories found throughout the developing world that are run by multinational corporations. | global |
| As ____________________ industries become a more important part of the international marketplace, many companies have concluded that the low costs of overseas operations more than offset the expense of transmitting information around the world. | service |
| Viewed from a(n) ____________________ perspective, the combination of skilled technology and management provided by multinationals and the relatively cheap labor available in developing nations is ideal for a global enterprise. | functionalist |
| In 2000 the United Nations launched the ____________________ ____________________ ; its objective is to eliminate extreme poverty worldwide by the year 2015. | millennium project |
| Modernization theory reflects the ____________________ perspective. | functionalist perspective |
| At the top of the color hierarchy in Mexico are the ____________________ , the 10 percent of the population who are typically White, well-educated members of the business and intellectual elites, and who have familial roots in Spain. | Criollos |
| The term ____________________ refers to the area of a common culture along the border between Mexico and the United States. | Borderlands |
| Sociologists have identified five basic properties of a minority group. Which of the following is not one of those properties? a. unequal treatment b. physical traits c. ascribed status d. cultural bias | d. Cultural bias |
| The largest racial minority group in the United States is? | African Americans |
| Racism is a form of which of what? | Prejudice |
| Suppose that a White employer refuses to hire a qualified Vietnamese American but hires an inferior White applicant. This decision is an act of...? | descrimination |
| Suppose that a workplace requires that only English be spoken, even when it is not a business necessity to restrict the use of other languages. This requirement would be an example of...? | Institutional descrimination |
| Working together as computer programmers for an electronics firm, a Hispanic woman and a Jewish man overcome their initial prejudices and come to appreciate each other’s strengths and talents. This scenario is an example of...? | The contact hypothesis |
| Intermarriage over several generations, resulting in various groups combining to form a new group, would be an example of | amalgamation. |
| Alphonso D’Abruzzo changed his name to Alan Alda. His action is an example of...? | Assimilation |
| In which of the racial or ethnic groups has one teenager in every six attempted suicide? | Native Americans |
| Advocates of Marxist class theory argue that the basis for racial subordination in the United States lies within the capitalist economic system. Another representation of this point of view is reflected in which of other theory? | Exploitation |
| Sociologists consider race and ethnicity to be ____________________ statuses, since people are born into racial and ethnic groups. | ascribed |
| The one-drop rule was a vivid example of the social ____________________ of race—the process by which people come to define a group as a race based in part on physical characteristics, but also on historical, cultural, and economic factors. | construction |
| ____________________ are unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group. | Stereotypes |
| Sociologists use the term ____________________ to refer to a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority. | prejudice |
| When White Americans can use credit cards without suspicion and browse through stores without being shadowed by security guards, they are enjoying ____________________ ____________________ .? | White privilege |
| ____________________ ____________________ refers to positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities. | Affirmative action |
| After the Civil War, the Southern states passed “ ____________________ ____________________ ” laws to enforce official segregation, and the Supreme Court upheld them as constitutional in 1896. | Jim Crow |
| In the 1960s, proponents of _______ rejected the goal of assimilation into White, middle-class society. They defended the beauty and dignity of Black and African cultures and supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions. | Black Power |
| Asian americ are held up as a____ or ____minority, supposedly 'cause despite past suffering from prejudice & discrimination, they have succeeded economically, socially, & educationally without resorting to political and violent confrontations with Whites. | model or ideal |
| Together, the various groups included under the general category ____________________ represent the largest minority group in the United States. | Latinos or hispanics |
| From the functionalist perspective, the media can be dysfunctional in what way? | They desensitize us to events |
| Socio. Robert Park studied how newspapers helped immig to the US adjust to their envir. by changing their customary habits & by teaching them the opinions held by people in their new home country.His study was conducted from which socio perspective? | the functionalist perspective |
| There are problems inherent in the socialization function of the mass media. For example, many people worry about a. the effect of using the television as a babysitter. b. the impact of violent programming on viewer behavior. C. both a and b. | C. both a or b |
| Media advertising has several clear functions, but it also has dysfunctions. Sociologists are concerned that | It creates unrealistic expectations of what is required to be happy, it creates new consumer needs. advertisers are able to influence media content. |
| Gatekeeping, the process by which a relatively small number of people control what material reaches an audience, is largely dominant in all but which of the media outlets? | Internet |
| Which sociological perspective is especially concerned with the media’s ability to decide what gets transmitted through gatekeeping? | conflict perspective |
| Sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld and his colleagues pioneered the study of | opinion leaders |
| In his study of how the social composition of audience members affected how they interpreted the news coverage of riots in Los Angeles in 1992, sociologist Darnell Hunt found what kind of differences in perception? | racial |
| The mass media increase social cohesion by presenting a more or less standardized, common view of culture through mass communication. This statement reflects the _________________ perspective. | functionalist |
| Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton created the term______ to refer to the phenomenon in which the media provide such huge amounts of info that the audience becomes numb and generally fails to act on the information, regardless of how compelling the issue | narcotizing dysfunction |
| ____________________ ____________________ is the term used to describe the set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests. | Dominant idealogy |
| Sociologists blame the mass media for the creation and perpetuation of ____________________, or generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group. | stereotypes |
| The ____________________ perspective contends that television distorts the political process. | conflict |
| We risk being ____________________ if we overstress U.S. dominance and assume that other nations do not play a role in media cultural exports. | ethnocentric |
| ______ & _______ theorists are troubled that the victims depicted in violent imagery are often those who are given less respect in real life: women, children, the poor, racial minorities, citizens of foreign countries, and even the physically disabled. | Conflict and Feminist |
| The ____________________ perspective examines the media on the micro level to see how they shape day-to-day social behavior. | interactionist |
| From a sociological point of view, the current controversy over privacy and media censorship illustrates the concept of ____________________ ____________________. | Culture lag |
| Nearly 50 years ago, Canadian media theorist ____________________ ____________________ predicted that the rise of the electronic media would create a “global village.” | Marshal McLuhan |
| Racism is... | The belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior. (232) |
| What is Drapetomania and who came up with it? | Samuel Cartwright made Drapetomania, some made up illness as a form of mass misinformation so that slaves would be considered mad if they tried to run away. -- Social construction |
| _________ A structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society. (179) | Stratification |
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