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Week5CulturePopFarm
Paleolithic and Neolithic, Populating Americas, and Domestication
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Oldowan | oldest stone tool tradition associated with australopithecines. Stone cobbles with flakes knocked off. First 2.5 mya. |
| Acheulian | tool tradition associated with Homo erectus. Hand axes distinctive. Clearly identified by 1.5 mya. |
| Mousterian | tool tradition associated with Neanderthals. Smaller, lighter, and more specialized than Acheulian. Flake tools produced from Levallois prepared core technique |
| simple versus complex clothing | Distinction made by archaeologist Ian Gilligan in Miller reading. Proposes that Neanderthal inability to create complex clothing made them maladapted to extreme cold. |
| evidence for complex culture in Neanderthals | artifacts indicating art and music. Buried dead. May have had verbal language. Cared for sick and less able. |
| Paleolithic | Means "stone age" |
| Lower Paleolithic | Refers to time period associated with australopithecines and Homo erectus and tools made by these early hominins. Oldowan and Acheulian traditions. Also referred to as Early Stone Age in Africa. |
| Middle Paleolithic | Refers to time period associated with Neanderthals and thus Mousterian tradition |
| Upper Paleolithic | Refers to time period associated with emergence of anatomically modern humans. In Africa began much earlier and is referred to as Later Stone Age. |
| Cro-Magnon | First modern humans discovered at Cro-Magnon rock shelter site in France and thus first modern humans in Europe called Cro-Magnon people |
| Clovis culture | First modern humans in Americas (New World) associated with this culture characterized by the Clovis point. 11,000 ya. More recent evidence of pre-Clovis sites indicate older occupations in Americas. |
| sedentism | When modern humans begin to live in permanent settlements |
| domestication | human selection changes plants and animals to allow humans to exploit them more easily and thus to sow and harvest plants and to herd animals. Occurs at different times in different parts of the world |
| Neolithic Revolution | term used to refer to rapid changes in technology associated with plant and animal domestication by humans |
| list earliest domesticated plants | barley and wheat in Middle East 8000-7000 ya; squash, maize, potato and chile pepper in Americas 7000-6000 ya; rice, millet, water chestnut in East Asia 6000-5000; millet, sorghum, rice in Africa 3000 ya |
| list earliest domesticated animals | dog in Russia, E Europe 10000ya; sheep, goat 7000 ya pig cattle 6000 ya Middle East; chicken China 6000 ya; horse Central Asia 4000 ya; llama alpaca South America 4000 ya |
| Percussion flaking | Stone tool production method that requires a rock used as hammer struck against another rock (core) from which flakes struck |
| osteodontokeratic | Proposed for australopithecines that made tools out of bones (osteo), teeth (donto), and horns (keratic). |
| subsistence pattern | refers to food sources and how obtained |
| subsistence pattern of australopithecines and other early hominins | wild plant food collectors and occasional scavengers of meat and eggs |
| subsistence pattern of Homo erectus | Small game hunting and some large animal carcass scavenging. Diversity of animals eaten. Use of fire for cooking and heating. |
| biocultural evolution | natural selection (biological evolution) altered by cultural inventions |
| subsistence pattern of Neanderthals | hunters and gatherers who exploit wide range of food resources. Sophisticated hunting but also marine resources. Wide range of plant resources too including evidence for cooked grains. |
| specialized big game hunting | a subsistence pattern seen in Upper Paleolithic in which see anatomically modern humans coordinating group hunts of large herd animals. See more specialized tool kits with burins, atlatls (spear throwers), and other compound tools |
| pressure flaking | allows greater tool refinement than percussion flaking as edge flakes pushed off using the tip of a deer antler for example |
| Upper Paleolithic art | Portable art such as Venus figurines. Also cave art. Musical instruments. Jewelry. |
| Australian rock art | Becoming Human Arnhem Land segment of Culture - Modern Australian aboriginal people continue to learn from the art tens of thousands of years old and create new rock art in that tradition |
| key properties of culture | Shared and learned from one generation to next. Not inherited. Symbolic. Adaptive. Integrated |
| "New World" | Eurocentric term to refer to Western Hemisphere (the Americas). |
| Bering Land Bridge theory | Theory for how people (Homo sapiens) from northeast Asia were able to cross a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska created by lowered sea levels during Pleistocene glaciation. Some argue theory perpetuates denial of Indian people's own history. |
| Kennewick Man | 9300 year old skeleton found in Washington. Much controversy surrounds the skeleton's characteristics as well as its treatment and final disposition |
| On Your Knees site and Anzick site | Sites where other evidence of the first humans in North America found. |
| Neolithic | Means new stone age. Marked by modern humans adopting farming. |
| ethnographic analogies | Analogies to the behavior of modern people to help understand early hominin culture |
| Babongo and Dassanech | Two modern African tribes continuing to live traditionally. Babongo in Gabon are hunter-gatherers in jungle who grow some crops. Dassenech in Ethiopia are pastoralists. |
| pastoralism | subsistence pattern in which people depend on domesticated animals. |
| oasis hypothesis | a theory about domestication that states drying out of climate in Middle East at end of Pleistocene forced humans and other animals and plants to gather around the few oases or water sources. There humans manipulate other species to domesticate them |
| natural habitat hypothesis | species are domesticated in areas where first grew wild as more humans live in association with them |
| population pressure hypothesis | increasing human populations require more food than could be gathered from wild and thus intensify food production through domestication |
| social models for the origins of food production | individual humans use food production and then control of surpluses as means to acquire influence and wealth |
| intensification | agriculture allows intensification - get more food per acre but requires more labor |
| Agriculture and sedentism | Not all sedentary cultures adopt agriculture. But for those who do first results are less diverse diet, more carbs lead to more dental caries, more labor, concentrated pop makes disease easier to spread, more children and often decreased lifespan |
| Over long run, agriculture leads to | surpluses both of food and materials goods, larger groups living together, which requires different ways to organize people and that leads to more complex social organization, conflicts lead to institutions to resolve |
| "original affluent society" | concept that hunter-gatherers work just enough to provide for their limited wants and after 4 to 5 hours of such work have rest of day for "leisure." |
| Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race | What Jared Diamond called humans' adoption of agriculture |
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