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Chapter 1
ISS 220
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evolution | A change in the genetic structure of a population from one generation to the next. Also refers to the appearance of a new species |
| Anthropology | The field of inquiry that studies human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology; includes cultural anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, and physical anthropology |
| Scientific Method | An approach to research whereby a problem is identified, a hypothesis is stated, and that hypothesis is tested through collection and analysis of data |
| Biocultural Evolution | the mutual, interactive evolution of human biology and culture; the concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution |
| Culture | All aspects of human adaptation, including technology, traditions, language, religion and social roles. A set of learned behaviors |
| Species | A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring |
| Society | a group of people who share a common culture |
| Enculturation | the process by which individuals, generally as children, learn the values and beliefs of the family, peer groups and society in which they are raised |
| Adaptation | functional response of organisms or populations to the environment, resulting from evolutionary change |
| Enlightenment | an 18th century movement in western europe that assumed a knowable order to the natural world and the interpretive value of reason as the primary means of identifying and explaining this order |
| Ethnographies | detailed descriptive studies of human societies. in cultural anthropology, enthography is typically the study of non-western societies |
| Paleoanthropology | the interdisciplinary approach to the study of earlier hominins- their chronology, physical structure, archaeological remains, habitats, etc. |
| Hominin | A member of the trible of Hominini, the evolutionary group that includes modern humans and now-extinct bipedal relatives |
| Anthropometry | measurement of human body parts |
| Genetics | the study of gene structure and action and of the patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring |
| Primates | members of the mammalian order Primates include prosimians, monkeys, apes and humans |
| Primatology | the study of the biology and behavior of nonhuman primates (prosimans, monkeys and apes) |
| Osteology | the study of skeletal material |
| Paleopathology | the branch of osteology that studies traces of disease and injury in human skeletal remains |
| Forensic Anthropology | An applied anthropological approach dealing with legal matters. Forensic anthropologists work with coroners and law enforcement agencies in the recovery, analysis, and identification human remains |
| Artifacts | objects or materials made or modified for use by hominins |
| Material Culture | the physical manifestations of human activities such as tools, art, and structures |
| Paleontologists | Scientists whose study of ancient life forms is based on fossilized remains of extinct animals and plants |
| Archaeological Record | The material remains of the human past and the physical contexts of these remains |
| Sites | Locations of past human activity, often associated with artifacts and features |
| Prehistory | The several million years between the emergence of bipedal hominins and the availability of written records |
| Historical Archaeologists | Archaeologists who study past societies for which a contemporary written record also exists |
| Ethnoarchaeologists | Archaeologists who use ethnographic methods to study modern peoples so that they can better understand and explain patterning in the archaeological record |
| Antiquarian | Relating to an interest in objects and texts of the past |
| Stratigraphic | Pertaining to the depositional levels, or strata, of an archaeological site |
| Archaeometry | Application of the methods of the natural and physical sciences to the investigation of archaeological materials |
| Public Archaeology | A broad term that covers Archaeological research conducted for the public good as part of cultural resource management and heritage management programs; a major growth area of world archaeology |
| Empirical | Relying on experiment or observation |
| Ethnocentric | Viewing other cultures from the inherently biased perspective of one's own culture. Often results in other cultures being seen as inferior to one's own |
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amatulli
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