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HGAP Key Terms C1-1
HGAP Rubenstein Ch.1 Key Issue 1 Key Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aristotle | first person to demonstrate that Earths was spherical |
| Base lines | east-west lines separating townships |
| cartography | the science of mapmaking; the production of maps, including construction of projections, design, compilation, drafting, and reproduction |
| connections | relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space |
| distortion | a change in the shape, size, or position of a place when it is shown on a map |
| Eratosthenes | first person to use the word "geography" and calculated Earth's circumference within 0.5% accuracy; Head librarian at Alexandria during the 3rd century BC, was one of the early cartographers; IMPORTANT: accurate computation of circumference of Earth |
| GIS | Geographic Information System; A collection of computer hardware and software permitting spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, used, and displayed |
| GPS | Global Positioning System; A satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places |
| Idrisi | -Built on Ptolemy's work (world map & geography text) -Accurate representation of world in map -Led academy of geographers to gather maps and go on scientific expeditions |
| Immanuel Kant | -Compared geography's concern for space & history's concern for time -Differentiated between specific fields of knowledge -Influential Philosopher -Helped make geography a subject |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | Divided much of USA into a system of townships and ranges to facilitate the sale of land to settlers in the West |
| Local Diversity | variety at a local scale; especially when compared to a globalized world |
| map projection | any 3-D object (Earth) will project some distortion onto any 2-D object (map) |
| Mercator projection | good for showing shape; A cylindrical map projection in which the meridians and parallels of latitude appear as lines crossing at right angles and in which areas appear greater farther from the equator |
| place | a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic |
| principal meridians | north-south lines separating townships |
| Ptolemy | wrote "Guide to Geography"; codified basic mapmaking principles & prepared numerous maps; founded the geocentric theory, that everything in the universe revolved and moved around the Earth |
| remote sensing | the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods |
| Robinson projection | good for showing info. across oceans; neither equal-area nor conformal, abandoning both for a compromise. The meridians curve gently, avoiding extremes, but thereby stretch the poles into long lines instead of leaving them as points. |
| Carl Sauer | provided the foundation for cultural geography through cultural landscape, cultural hearths and agricultural hearths |
| scale | -relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole -for a real world-phenomenon: used as local, national, and global scale -3 ways to write it: written statement, fractional, or ratio |
| sections (of a township) | 1 square mile each; 36 sections create a township |
| space | physical gap or interval between tow objects |
| time zones | -a region that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes -convenient for areas in close commercial or other communication the keep the same time, so time zones tend to follow the boundaries of countries and their subdivisions |
| township | a square 6 miles on each side |
| Census Bureau | The bureau of the Commerce Department responsible for taking the census |
| contour map | designed to reveal the nature of local topography |
| Hecataeus | lived in the late 6th and early 5th centuries B.E.C., a Greek scientist, he wrote a book about geography and illustrated a map of the countries and inhabitants of the known world |
| George Perkins Marsh | -Some consider him the first environmentalist in America, and the precursor to the sustainability concept. "conservationist" is more accurate. -Published a book called Man and Nature in 1864: said man was doing great damage to the environment |
| Peters projection | Introduced in 1974 by Arno Peters, and focuses on keeping landmasses equal in area. As a result, the shaped are distorted, and the map looks unfamiliar to viewers |
| lage scale | large detail, small area |
| small scale | small detail, large area |
| John Snow | noted for developing the geographical study of disease |
| topography | the natural surface of the land |
| Azimuthal Projection | directions from a central point are preserved; usually these projections also have radial symmetry |
| cartogram map | map where the size and shape of the landmass is determined by specific data |
| choropleth map | a thematic map that uses tones or color to represent data as average values per unit area |
| connectivity | the ease with which things can interact |
| Jared Diamond | noted for developing the idea of environmental determinism |
| isoline map | Map displaying lines that connect points of equal value; for example, a map showing elevation levels |
| model | a 3-D representation of the Earth's surface or a portion of it |
| navigable | suitable for transportation; passable |
| Alfred Wegener | developed theory of Pangaea and continental drift |
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