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MT 1 Chapter 10
Nersous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Central nervous system | includes brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral nervous system | includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves |
| The Neurons | Basic cells of nervous system |
| The Neurons | Carry nerve impulses throughout body |
| The Neurons | Afferent neurons, Connecting neurons, Efferent neurons |
| Brain: Primary Function | Coordinates all activities of the body by receiving and transmitting messages throughout the body |
| Brain MT | encephal/o |
| Major Parts of the Brain | Cerebrum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Cerebellum,Brainstem |
| Cerebrum | largest and uppermost portion of brain |
| Cerebrum | hemispheres subdivided to create pairs of cerebral lobes |
| Cerebrum | divided into right and left hemispheres |
| Cerebral Lobes: frontal lobe | controls skilled motor functions, memory & behavior |
| Cerebral Lobes: parietal lobe | receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in tongue, skin, muscles |
| Cerebral Lobes: occipital lobe | controls eyesight |
| Cerebral Lobes: temporal lobe | controls hearing and smell, and ability to create, store and access new information |
| Spinal Cord: Primary Function | Transmits nerve impulses between the brain, limbs, and lower part of the body |
| Spinal Cord MT | myel/o |
| Myel/o MT | also means bone marrow |
| Nerves: Primary Function | Receive and transmit messages to and from all parts of the body |
| Nerves | neur/i MT |
| Nerves | neur/o MT |
| caus/o MT | burning, burn |
| cerebr/o MT | cerebrum, brain |
| concuss/o MT | shaken together, violently agitated |
| contus/o MT | bruise |
| Peripheral Nervous System has | 12 Pairs Cranial Nerves |
| Peripheral Nervous System has | 31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Transmits sensory and motor impulses back and forth between CNS and rest of body |
| Basic Structural Unit of the Nervous System is called a | Neuron Cells |
| Cell body Contains | the nucleus and cytoplasm |
| Conducts impulses away from the cell body | Axon |
| Some axons are covered with a | myelin sheath |
| Conducts impulses toward the cell body | Dendrite |
| Connective tissue, Do not conduct impulses, Protect nervous system through phagocytosis | Neuroglia |
| Types of Neuroglia Cells | Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes |
| Types of Neuroglia Cells | Microglia |
| Type of Neuroglia Cells | Oligodendrocytes |
| Type of Neuroglia Cells | Astrocytes |
| Carry impulses from the body to the central nervous system | Afferent (sensory) nerves |
| Cause the target organs to do something in response to commands | Efferent (motor) nerves |
| Carry impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands | Efferent (motor) nerves |
| Provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle contractions | Somatic Nervous System |
| Provides involuntary control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity and secretions in response to the commands of the central nervous system | Autonomic Nervous System |
| Increase heart rate | Sympathetic nerves |
| Constrict blood vessels | Sympathetic nerves |
| Raise blood pressure | Sympathetic nerves |
| Fight-or-flight response | Sympathetic nerves |
| Slow heart rate | Parasympathetic nerves |
| Increase peristalsis of intestines | Parasympathetic nerves |
| Increase glandular secretions | Parasympathetic nerves |
| Relax sphincters | Parasympathetic nerves |
| Outermost layer of meninges | Dura mater |
| Tough, white connective tissue of meninges | Dura mater |
| Meninges Epidural space located outside of the dura mater | Contains supporting cushion of fat and connective tissue |
| Meninges Subdural space located beneath the dura mater | Cavity is filled with serous fluid |
| Middle layer of the meninges | Arachnoid membrane |
| Resembles a spider web | Arachnoid membrane |
| Subarachnoid space immediately beneath contains | cerebrospinal fluid |
| Innermost layer of the meninges | Pia mater |
| Tightly bound to the surface of the brain and spinal cord | Pia mater |
| Structures of the Brain: Cerebrum | Largest and uppermost portion of the brain Controls consciousness, memory, sensations, emotions, voluntary movements |
| Cortex MT | outer surface |
| Gyri MT | elevations |
| Sulci MT | grooves |
| Longitudinal fissure divides cerebrum into | two hemispheres |
| Attached to the brain stem | Cerebellum |
| Maintains muscle tone Coordinates normal movement and balance | Cerebellum |
| Located between cerebrum and midbrain | Diencephalon |
| thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland | Diencephalon Consists of |
| Brain Stem Consist of | Consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| Serves as pathway for impulses between brain and spinal cord | Brain Stem |
| Controls respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate | Brain Stem |
| Pathway for impulses traveling to and from brain | Spinal Cord |
| Transmits nerve impulses between the brain, limbs, and lower part of the body | Spinal Cord |
| Central nervous system Organs | Brain, Spinal cord |
| CNS Function | Integration; command center, Interpret incoming, sensory information, Issues outgoing instructions |
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | Nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord |
| PNS Functions | Serve as communication lines among sensory organs, the brain and spinal cord, and glands or muscles |
| Sensory Organs and Receptors Primary Functions | Receive external stimulation and transmit these stimuli to the sensory neurons |
| Sensory Organs and Receptors Primary Functions | Eyes (sight), Ears (hearing), Nose (smell),Skin (touch), Tongue (taste) |
| -esthesia MT | sensation, feeling |
| esthet/o MT | feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception |
| -graphy MT | the process of producing a picture or record |
| mening/o | membranes, meninges |
| phobia | abnormal fear |
| radicul/o | root or nerve root |
| tropic | having an affinity for |
| Alzheimer’s Disease | Progressive and extremely debilitating deterioration of a person’s intellectual functioning |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | (ALS) |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | Severe weakening and wasting of the involved muscle groups |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | Usually begins with hands Progresses to shoulders, upper arms, then legs |
| Bell’s Palsy | Temporary or permanent unilateral weakness or paralysis of muscles in the face |
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | Pinching or compression of median nerve within the carpal tunnel Inflammation and swelling of tendons cause intermittent or continuous pain |
| Cerebral Concussion | Brief interruption of brain function usually with loss of consciousness lasting for a few seconds |
| Cerebral Contusion | Small, scattered venous hemorrhages in the brain |
| Cerebral Contusion | Bruise of the brain tissue |
| Cerebral Contusion | Occurs when brain strikes the inner skull |
| Cerebral Palsy | Collective term used to describe congenital brain damage that is permanent but not progressive |
| Cerebral Palsy | Characterized by the child’s lack of control of voluntary muscles |
| Cerebrovascular Accident | CVA |
| Cerebrovascular Accident | Death of a specific portion of brain tissue |
| Cerebrovascular Accident | Results from decreased blood flow to that area of the brain |
| Cerebrovascular Accident | stroke |
| Cerebrovascular Accident | Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) |
| Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) | Also known as mini strokes |
| Cerebral thrombosis | Occurs largely in individuals older than 50 |
| Embolism causes an occlusion | Cerebral embolism |
| Cerebral hemorrhage | Cerebral vessel ruptures |
| Encephalitis | Virus enters CNS when person experiences viral disease such as mumps, measles, or through tick or mosquito bite |
| Epilepsy | Syndrome of recurring episodes of excessive irregular electrical activity of the central nervous system, called seizures |
| Epilepsy | seizures |
| Grand Mal Seizure | Epileptic seizure characterized by sudden loss of consciousness and generalized involuntary muscular contraction |
| Petit Mal Seizure | Small seizures in which there is a sudden, temporary loss of consciousness |
| Petit Mal Seizure | Lasts only a few seconds Also known as absence seizures |
| Grand Mal Seizure | Vacillates between rigid body extension and an alternating contracting and relaxing of muscles |
| Guillain-Bàrré Syndrome | |
| Guillain-Bàrré Syndrome |
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