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Skeletal System
Chapter 6, Medical Terminology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Articular cartilage | Thin layer of cartilage that covers the ends of the long bones and the surfaces of the joints. |
| bone depressions | Concave, indented areas or openings in bones. |
| Bone markings | Specific features of individual bones. |
| Bone processes | Projections or outgrowths of bones. |
| Cancellous bone (CAN-sell-us) | Spongy bone, not as dense as compact bone. |
| cervical vertebrae | ertebrae or bones of the neck, C1 - C7. |
| compact bone | Hard outer shell of the bone. |
| condyle (CON-dyle) | Knucklelike projection at the end of a bone. |
| crest | Distinct border or ridge, as in iliac crest. |
| diaphysis | Main shaftlike portion of a bone. |
| epiphyseal line | A layer of cartilage that separates the diaphysis fron the epiphysis of a bone, also known as the epiphyseal plate. |
| epiphysis (eh-PIFF-ih-sis) | The end of a bone |
| false ribs | Rib pairs 8 through 10, which connect to the vertebrae in the back but notto the sternum in the front because they join the seventh rib in the front. |
| fissure | A groove or depression in a bone; a sulcus. |
| flat bones | Bones that are broad and thin with flat or curved surfaces, such as the sternum. |
| floating ribs | Rib pairs 11 and 12, which connect to the vertebrae in the back but are free of any attachment in the front. |
| fontanell or fontanel | Space between the bones of an infant's cranium, "soft spot". |
| foramen | Hole in a bone through which blood vessels or nerves pass. |
| fossa | Hollow or concave depression in a bone. |
| haversian canals | System of small canals within compact bone that contain blood essels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. |
| hematopoiesis | The normal formation and development of blood cells in the bone marrow. |
| intercostal spaces Inter = between cost/o = ribs -al = pertaining to | Spaces between the ribs |
| intervertebral disk | A flat, circular, platelike structure of cartilage that serves as a cushion (or shock absorber) between the vertebrae. |
| long bones | Bones that are longer than they are wide and with distinctive shaped ends, such as the femur. |
| lumbar vertebrae lumb/0 = loins, lower back -ar = pertaining to vertebr/o = vertebra | The vertebrae of the lower back, 1.1 through 1.5. |
| medullary cavity (MED-u-lair-ee) | The center portion of the shaft of the long bone containing the yellow marrow. |
| ossification | The conversion of cartilage and fibrous connective tissue to bone; the formation of bone. |
| osteoblasts oste/o = bone -blast = immature, embryonic | Immature bone cells that actively produce bony tissue. |
| osteoclasts oste/o = bone -clast = something that breaks | large cells that absorb or digest old bone tissue. |
| osteocytes oste/o = bone -cyte = cell | Mature bone cells. |
| periosteum peri = around oste/o = bone -um = noun ending | The thick, white, fibrous membrane that coers the surface of a long bone. |
| red bone marrow | The soft, semifluid substance located in teh small spaces of cancellous bone that is the source of blood cell production. |
| resorption | The process of removing or digesting old bone tissue. |
| sesamoid bones | Irregular bones imbedded in tendons near a joint, as in the kneecap or between digits. |
| short bones | Bones that are about as long as they are wide and somewhat box-shaped, such as the wrist bone. |
| sinus | An opening or hollow space in a bone; a cavity within a bone. |
| spine | A sharp projection from the surface of a bone, similar to a crest. |
| stenosis sten/o =short, contracted, or narrow -osis = condition | An abnormal condition characterized by a narrowing or restriction of an opening or passageway in a body structure. |
| sulcus | A groove or depression in a bone; a fissure. |
| sutures | Immovable joints, such as those of the cranium. |
| thoracic vertebrae thorac/o = chest -ic = pertaining to vertebr/o = vertebra | The 12 vertebrae of the chest, T1 through T12. |
| trabeculae | Needlelike bony spicules within cancellous bone that contribute to the spongy appearance. Their distribution along lines of stress adds to the strength of the bone. |
| trochanter | Large bony process located below the neck fo the femur. |
| true ribs | the first seven pairs of ribs, which connect to the vertebrae in the back and to the sternum in the front. |
| tuburcle | A small rounded process of a bone. |
| tuberosity | An elevated, broad, rounded process of a bone. |
| vertebral foramen | A large opening in the center of each vertebrae that serves as a passageway for the spinal cord. |
| yellow marrow | Located in the diaphysis of long bones, yellow marrow consists of fatty tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells. |
| acetabular acetabul/o = acetabulum | Pertaining to the acetabulum, the cup-shaped socket of the hip joint which is a key feature of the pelvis. |
| hypocalcemia calc/o, calc/i = calcium | reduction of the blood calcium below normal. |
| calcaneodynia calcane/o = heel bone | pain in the heel, or calcaneus. |
| carpal carp/o | wrist; of or pertaining to the carpus, or wrist. |
| supraclavicular clavicul/o = collarbone | superior to the clavical |
| coccygeal coccyg/o = coccyx | pertaining to or located in the region of the coccyx. |
| costochondral cost/o = ribs | pertaining to a rib and its cartilage. |
| craniotomy crani/o = skull, cranium | any operation on the cranium; incision into the cranium. |
| femoral femor/o = femur | pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. |
| fibular fibul/o = fibula | pertaining to the fibula or to the lateral aspect of the leg; peroneal. |
| osteogenesis gen/o = to produce | formation of bone; the development of the bones. |
| humeral humer/o = humerus | |
| iliac ili/0 = ilium | pertaining to the os ilium. |
| kyphosis kyph/o = humpback; pertaining to a hump | 1. an area of the vertebral column that is convex. 2. abnormally increased convexity in the curvature of the thoracic vertebral column as viewed from the side. |
| laminectomy lamin/o = lamina | excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra. |
| lordosis lord/o = swayback; bent | 1. a concave portion of the vertebral column as seen from the side. |
| lumbar lumb/o = loins, lower back | pertaining to the loins, the parts of the sides of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. |
| malacotomy malac/o = softening | |
| osteomalacia -malacia = softening | inadequate or delayed mineralization of osteoid in mature cortical and spongy bone; it is the adult equivalent of rickets and accompanies that disorder in children. |
| mandibular mandibul/o = mandible (lower jaw bone) | pertaining to the jawbone. |
| mastoiditis mastoid/o = mastoid process | Mastoiditis: Inflammation of the mastoid, which often occurs secondarily to ear infection |
| maxillary maxill/o = upper jaw | pertaining to; relating to the upper jaw. |
| metacarpals metacarp/o = hand bones | Five cylindrical bones extending from the wrist to the fingers. |
| metatarsalgia metatars/o = foot bones | pain and tenderness in the metatarsal region. |
| osteomyelitis myel/o = spinal cord or bone marrow | inflammation of bone caused by infection. |
| olecranon olecran/o = elbow | the proximal bony projection of the ulna at the elbow, its anterior surface forming part of the trochlear notch. |
| orthopedics orth/o = straight | the branch of surgery that is specially concerned with the preservation and restoration of the function of the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures. |
| osteoma oste/o = bone | a benign, slow-growing tumor composed of well-differentiated, densely sclerotic, compact bone, usually arising in membrane bones, particularly the skull and facial bones. |
| patella patell/o, patell/a = kneecap | a triangular sesamoid bone, about 5 cm in diameter, situated at the front of the knee in the tendon of insertion of the quadriceps extensor femoris muscle. Called also knee cap |
| pelvimetry pelv/i = pelvis | the measurement of the dimensions and capacity of the pelvis, as by x-ray, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. |
| phalangitis phalang/o = fingers, toes | inflammation of one or more phalanges. |
| diaphysis -physis = growth, growing | the elongated cylindrical portion of a long bone. |
| osteoporosis por/o = cavity, opening, passage, or pore -porosis = porous; lessening in density | reduction in bone mineral density, leading to fractures after minimal trauma. |
| pubic pub/o = pubis | pertaining to or situated near the pubes, the os pubis, or the pubic region. |
| rachitis rach/i = spinal column | rickets |
| radial radi/o = radiation; also refers to the radius | pertaining to the radius. The radius is one of the two lower arm bones that joins the humerus above and the wrist bones below. |
| scapular scarul/o = shoulder blade | pertaining to the scapula; the flat, triangular bone in the back of the shoulder, articulating with the ipsilateral clavicle and humerus; called also shoulder blade. |
| scoliosis scoli/o = crooked, bent | an appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. |
| spondylosis spondyl/o = vertebra | degenerative spinal changes due to osteoarthritis. |
| stenosis sten/o = short, contracted, or narrow | an abnormal narrowing of a duct or canal. |
| substernal stern/o = sternum | inferior to or deep to the sternum; called also infrasternal. |
| tarsals tars/o = ankle bones | any of the bones of the tarsus. Ankle and foot. |
| temporal tempor/o = temples of the head | 1. pertaining to the lateral region of the head, superior to the zygomatic arch. |
| intervertebral vertebr/o = vertebra | between two contiguous vertebrae. |
| C1, C2, C3,... | Cervical vertebra 1, 2, 3, etc. |
| DEXA | dual energy X-ray absorptiometry |
| DIP | distal interphalangeal (joint) |
| Fx | fracture |
| L1, L2, L3, ... | lumbar vertebra 1, 2, 3, etc. |
| LLE | left lower extremity |
| LUE | left upper extremity |
| MCP | metacarpophalangeal (joint) |
| MTP | metatarsophalangeal (joint) |
| PIP | proximal interphalangeal (joint) |
| RLE | right lower extremity |
| RUE | right upper extremity |
| S1 | sacrum |
| T1, T2, T3,... | thoracic vertebra 1, 2, 3, etc. |
| THA | total hip arthroplasty |
| THR | total hip replacement |
| TKA | total knee arthroplasty |
| TKR | total knee replacement |
| TMJ | tempromandibular joint |
| ethmoid bone | ethmoid=perforated like a sieve. The ethmoid bone is a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. |
| Ewing's sarcoma | a highly malignant, metastatic, primary tumor of bone, closely related to a primitive neuroectodermal tumor; it is usually found in the diaphyses of long bones, ribs, or flat bones of children or adolescents. |
| femur | the bone that extends from the pelvis to the knee, being the longest and largest bone in the body; thigh bone. |
| fibula | the outer and smaller of the two bones of the leg. Calf bone. |
| humerus | the bone that extends from the shoulder to the elbow. |
| hyoid bone | The hyoid bone (lingual bone) is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage |
| ischial | Pertaining to the ischium. The ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone. It's what we sit on. |
| lacrimal bones | The lacrimal bone, the smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. |
| medullary cavity | The medullary cavity is the space in a bone where a soft, flexible substance called marrow is stored. |
| metatarsals | five miniature long bones of foot, concave on plantar and slightly convex on dorsal surface. |
| nasal conchae | a nasal concha (or turbinate) is a long, narrow and curled bone shelf (shaped like an elongated sea-shell) that protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose. |
| occipital bone | unpaired bone constituting back and part of base of skull. |
| osteogenic sarcoma | a malignant tumor arising from bone. Also known as osteosarcoma. |
| palatine bones | paired cranial bone, the two forming posterior portions of bony palate. L-shaped nasal and hard palate. |
| parietal bones | paired bone. The parietal bones /pəˈraɪɨtəl/ are bones in the human skull which, when joined together, form the sides and roof of the cranium. |
| phalanges | fingers and toes |
| sacrum | lower back. wedge-shaped bone formed usually by fusion of 5 vertebrae |
| sphenoid bone | unpaired. Optic region. shaped somewhat like a butterfly. |
| talipes equinovarus | a deformity of the foot in which the heel is turned inward from the midline of the leg and the foot is plantar flexed |
| tibia | shin bone. medial and larger of 2 bones of lower leg. |
| ulna | forearm. medial and longer of 2 bones of forearm |
| vertebrae | back. separate segments of vertebral column |
| vomer | skull bone. thin bone forming posterior and posteroinferior part of nasal septum |
| zygomatic bones | skull bone. bone forming hard part of cheek and lower, lateral portion of rim of each orbit |
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