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FCSDGbl-Unit1
Ancient World:Civilizations & Religions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| nomads | people who move from place to place in search of food |
| cultural diffusion | the exchange of ideas, customs, goods, and technologies among cultures |
| Neolithic | the period of human culture characterized by the development of a system of settled agriculture; AKA New Stone Age |
| technology | tools and skills people use to meet their basic needs |
| civilization | community characterized by elements such as a system of writing, development of social classes, and cities |
| polytheistic | believing in many gods |
| pharaoh | ruler of ancient Egypt |
| Fertile Crescent | a crescent-shaped region of good farmland created by the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers, stretches from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean, N & E of Egypt |
| ziggurats | pyramid-like structures around which the Summerians built their cities |
| cuneiform | wedge-shaped writing formed by pressing a penlike instrument into clay |
| empire | group of states or territories governed by one ruler |
| Code of Hammurabi | first major set or collection of laws in history; established standards of justice for all classes |
| Middle Kingdom | traditional name for Chinese civilization, so-called because the Chinese believed China was the center of the Earth |
| dynasty | ruling family |
| Mandate of Heaven | according to Chinese tradition, the divine right to rule |
| feudalism | system of government in which local lords control their own lands but owe military service & other support to a greater lord |
| Qin Dynasty | 221 BC-206 BC |
| Han Dynasty | 206 BC-AD 220; golden age in China |
| Maurya dynasty | 321 BC-185 BC; first united empire in India |
| bureaucracy | system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials |
| Asoka | Chandragupta's grandson; his rule in India united his diverse people & brought peace & prosperity |
| polis | city-state in ancient Greece |
| aristocracy | a government ruled by an upper class |
| direct democracy | system of government in which citizens participate directly rather than through elected representation |
| Hellenistic | type of culture, resulting from Alexander the Great's conquests, that blended eastern & western influences |
| republic | system of government in which officials are chosen by the people |
| Senate | the most powerful governing body of ancient Rome |
| patricians | members of the landholding upper class in ancient Rome |
| plebians | members of the lower class in ancient Rome, which included farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders |
| Pax Romana | term meaning "Roman Peace" for a period covering about 200 years beginning with the reign of Augustus |
| Laws of the Twelve Tables | laws of ancient Rome written on twelve tablets & displayed in the marketplace |
| aqueducts | bridge-like stone structures that bring water from hills to cities; first used by ancient Romans |
| Silk Road | ancient trade route that linked China with lands to the west |
| Wudi | most famous of the Han emperors; conducted many military campaigns to secure & expand China's borders |
| monopoly | complete control of a product or business by one person or group |
| Augustus | ruled Roman empire from 31 BC to AD 14; created a civil service system |
| animism | the belief that every living and nonliving thing in nature has a spirit |
| brahman | single unifying spirit of Hindu belief |
| reincarnation | in Hinduism, the rebirth of the soul in a new body |
| karma | in Hinduism, all deeds of a person's life that affect existence in the next life |
| dharma | in Hinduism, the moral & religious duties that are expected of an individual |
| Upanishads | sacred text, philosophical dialogues about Hindu beliefs |
| Vedas | sacred Hindu text; collection of prayers & sacred verses |
| Buddha | Siddhartha Gautama; the Enlightened One |
| nirvana | in Buddhism, union with the universe & release from the cycle of death & rebirth |
| montheistic | believing in one god |
| Torah | the most sacred scriptures of Judaism |
| Messiah | Jewish word for savior sent by God |
| Bible | the sacred scriptures of Christianity |
| hijra | Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina in 622; also spelled hegira |
| Qur'an | the sacred scripture of Islam |
| Sharia | the system of Islamic law |
| missionaries | people dedicated to spreading a religion |
| diaspora | a scattering of people, as when the Jewish people were forced to leave their homeland in Palestine |
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