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Final
Hon. World History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Old Stone Age | -period of time before agriculture, overlaps of prehistory (time before writing)-people lived as nomads, wandering in search of food |
| New Stone Age | -began when people learned to farm-led to the developement of settling villages, a more stable food supply, and the domestication of animals |
| Fertile Cresent | -known as the "crossroads of the world"-no barriers to invasions causing frequent wars-lack of barriers allowed for cultural diffusion as many groups of people migrated and settled here |
| Nile River | -floods predictability-worshipped by ancient Egyptians-provided a source of water that made agriculture possible |
| Isrealites | -lived in the ancient middle east-first people to be monotheistic |
| Mandate of Heaven | -from ancient China, the idea that a ruler received power from the gods-subjects could rebel if a ruler failed to provide good gov. |
| Hammurabi's Code | -first written code of laws-Based on the principle "an eye for an eye"-Used harsh punishments and treated people differently based on social class |
| Peloponnesian Wars | -Long Range Cause: some city-states resented Athenian dominance after the Persian Wars |
| Democracy in Athens | -Athens in the birthplace of democracy-Direct: all citizens voted on issues-Limited: only the minority qualified as citizens |
| Greek Sculptures | Showed perfect or ideal human forms |
| Greek Philosophers | -used reason and logic to understand the universe-influence Western civilizations with their ideas |
| Parthenon | -Temple built in Athens-Shows important elements of Greek architecture such as balance and simplicity |
| Alexander the Great | -conquered a large empire that included the Greek city-states-after his death the empire collapsed but Greek culture spread |
| Greek Geography | -Mountains caused isolation and development of independent city states |
| Oligarchy | -form of gov. where the power is in the hands of a small number of people-Sparta had this type of gov. |
| Herodotus | -Wrote the first history "A history of the Persians wars" |
| Thucydides | improved on Herodotus methods and wrote "A History of the Peloponnese Wars" |
| Persian Wars | -Took place before Peloponnese Wars-The Greeks were outnumbered by the Persians but defeated them-The wars were won by the Greeks largely because of the Athenian naval victory @ Salamis |
| Aristotle | -Greek philosophers who was taught by Plato-Teacher of Alexander the Great-Established a school called Lyceum |
| Plato | -Taught Socrates-Established a school called the Academy |
| Old Stone age people moved from place to place in order to find.... | fertile farmland |
| Long period of time before the invention of writing | prehistory |
| What happened to make the New Stone Age begin | people learned how to control fire |
| The Fertile Crescent has been the crossroads of the world because...... | it was the place where many different people migrated invaded or settled |
| Archaeology is the study of human life and culture through the analysis of artifacts and fossils. True or False. | False |
| "If the Nile smiles the earth is joyous, every stomach is full of rejoicing." This quotation from an ancient Egyptian hymn that the Egyptians regarded the Nile as the...... | geographic feature that made agriculture possible |
| The Chinese believed a ruler kept the Mandate of Heaven by..... | governing wisely |
| Hammurabi Code was significant because..... | it was the first written code of laws |
| According to the Dynasty Cycle how might the dynasty lose the Mandate of Heaven? | when a ruler fails to provide a good government |
| The immediate cause of the Peolopennesian War was.. | a dispute between Athens and Corinth |
| The long-range cause of the Peoloponnesian War was.... | some Greek city states resented Athens dominance |
| What kind of democracy did Athens developed? | direct, but limited democracy |
| Greek sculptures carved statues that.... | showed perfect human form |
| Greek Pilosopher thought that | a reason could be used to understand the universe |
| The Parthenon is an example of excellence in Greek...... | architecture |
| The basic political unit in ancient Greece was the | polis |
| What happened after Alexander's empire collapsed after his death? | Greek culture spread |
| Why did Athens stay with their walled cities during the Pelopponesian War | Pericles knew Athens could not defeat Sparta so he thought the wall could keep them out |
| Heroducus wrote was is considered to be the first | history |
| At its height Alexander's empire extended as far as | India |
| During the Persian War, the Greeks most decisive victory came from the navel battle of Salamis thanks to Athenian navy. True or False | True |
| The Athenian leader that abolished slavery is.... | Solon |
| Who was the unbiased historian author of history of the Peloponesian Wars | Thucydides |
| Alexander the Great was indifferent towards his soldiers suffering and sacrifices. True or False | False |
| Which came first: History of the Persian wars was written or History of the Pelopponesian wars was written | History of the Persian Wars was written |
| Which came first: Aristotle found Lyceum or Plato found Academy | Plato found the Academy |
| Which came first: Alexander conquors Egypt or Phillip conquors Greek city states | Phillip conquers Greek city-states |
| Which came first: Start of Persian Wars or Parthenon built | Start of the Persian Wars |
| Roman Art and Archetecture | Copied Greek styles & was realistic and practical |
| Spread of Christianity | -Christianity spread because its message was appealing to many people, especially the poor-the persecution of Christians by some emporors inspired new converts-Christianity offered a personal realationship woth God |
| Diocleation | Divided the Roman Empire to try to solve its problems -Used policies of coercion and control to try to keep the Empire together |
| Cultural Influences on Rome | The Romans copied aspects of Greek culture and adapted them |
| City of Rome | The city looked wealthy and impressive but living conditions for most Romans were miserable |
| Caesar | -Became dictator of Rome and extended citizenship to people in the provinces of Rome-His assassination marked the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire |
| Visigoths | attacked the city of Rome in 410 AD the first time the city itself was attacked |
| Constantine | like Diocletian used coercion and control to keep Rome together |
| Fall of Rome | Cause by political, economic, and social problems that included a plague, invasions, and the division of the empire into the eastern and western half |
| Augustus | First Roman emperor who came to power after a civil war following Caesar’s assassination |
| Persecution of Christians | Some Roman Emperors persecuted Christians because they were seen as bad citizens for refusing to worship the emperor and the state gods |
| Rome's Laws | Rome’s first code of laws was the Twelve Tables of Law-Roman Law was based on the idea that an individual is innocent until proven guilty |
| Punic Wars | -Series of the three wars between Rome and Carthage, a city-state in North Africa-Rome won all three wars and established a pattern of responding to threats with increasing levels of force |
| Byzantine Empire after Justininian | -the rise of Islam threatened the Byzantine Empire-Muslims attacked caused the emperor to request help form the pope leading to the Crusades |
| Fall of the Byzantine Empire | -Sped up by the 4 Crusades which resulted in the looting of Constantinople-empire collapsed in 1453 after attacked by ottoman Turks |
| Early Middle Ages/ Dark Ages | -Trade stopped-Population decreased-Kings were weak-Frequent wars and invasions |
| Treaty of Verdun | divided Charlemagne's empire among his heirs |
| Medieval Town Life | -crowded and dirty-there were opportunities in towns that did not exist on manors |
| Manoralism | -Describes the economy of the Middle ages where people were peasants ties to the land they worked for nobles-manors were self-sufficient agricultural communities |
| Feudalism | -refers to gov. of middle ages-developed cause in the absence of strong centralized gov. no point in protecting against invasions-localized form of gov. which was local lords where bound to the king weak kings-Complex cause obligations were not write down |
| Magna Carta | -Signed by King John of England (1215)-limited power of english king |
| Estate-Generals | -representative body in France, similar to parliament but not as powerful-has no power of taxation |
| Guilds | -association of merchants and artisans in the same occupation-set standard of quality goods for the town-controls wages and prices |
| Commercial Capitalism | economic system in which [people invest in trade and goods for profit |
| Motives of the Crusades | Pope wanted reclaim Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks,heal the split between Eastern Orthodox Church&Roman Catholic Church,reduce feudal warfare,increase power&prestege of the Church-Crusaders were promised salvation,recieve land&riches,&wanted adventure |
| Effects of Crusades | 1 Crusade Christians Capture Jerusalem but lost it-4 Crusade Christians loot Constantinople Muslims controlled the holy land trade increased intolerance increased Byzantine empire weakened Feudalism increased kings power |
| Hundred Years War | -Fought between France and England-England won all early battles due to the long bow-By the end of the war the French had diven the English out of the country&the French king increased power-Contribute to the decline of feudalism cause knight were no more |
| Joan of Arc | -Defeated the English at Orleans first major French victory in Hundred Years War-She was captured and executed by English& inspired French to keep fighting the English |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | -Rules Spain who used the Inquisition to persecute Muslims and Jews-Increased (centralized) royal power |
| Black Death | -Killed up to 1/3 of the population of Western Europe in late Middle Ages-Caused economic decline and decreased demand for food-Contribute to the end of feudalism |
| Babylonian Captivity | -Time when the the pope resided in Avignon, France and was controlled by French king-Resulted in Church loosing authority |
| Great Schism | -Time when two competing popes fought over who the true pope was-Resulted in church loosing authority |
| Canterbury Tales | -ex. of vernacular literature-Written by Geoffrey chauncer |
| John Wycliffe | -Said the Bible should be translated to English-Claimed the Bible not the pope was the real source of truth |
| Decline of Feudalism | -occurred at the end of the middle ages kings increased power |
| Romanesque Archetecture | -Influenced by Roman architecture-features included rounded arches and thick walls with few windows- used in 11 & 12 century |
| Gothic Archetecture | Allowed for construction of taller cathedrals due to flying buttress- had pointed arches and large stain glass windows-used in the 11 & 12 century |
| Beginning of the Renaissance | o Renaissance began in Italian city states because had money to support the arts |
| Renaissance Scholars | • Saw themselves as intellectual equals with Greeks and romans & interested and studied in their works |
| Leonardo da Vinci | • Painted Mona Lisa • Painted The Last Supper •Renaissance man had a wide-ranging of interests |
| Michelangelo | • David- Marble Stature • Sistine Chapel-Pope asked him to paint it •Renaissance man with a wide-range of interests |
| Techniques of Renaissance Artists | o Used perspective and oil paint for paintings to look realistic |
| Effects of the printing press | • spread of ideas faster • lower cost of books • increased literacy |
| Diet of Augsburgs | Fighting between Catholics and Protestants in the German states ended in the Peace of Augsburg (1555) which allowed German princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism |
| Luther's Teachings | 1.Faith alone ensures salvation rejects sacraments except Baptism and Eucharist 2.Bible is only source of religious truth 3.Church is a community of believers 4.Consubstantiation bread and wine they do not change they are symbols of Christ |
| Henry VIII | • broke up with pope after pope didn't annul his marriage • Did not disagree with the catholic doctrine just wanted to control the church |
| The Prince | ⢠Machievelli wrote this book ⢠Stated rulers should do whatever was necessary to keep power |
| Catholic Reformation | • Church response to protestant reformation • Council of Trent did not change church teachings • Successful in slowing down the spread of Protestantism |
| Map of Europe after Protestant Reformation | • There were more Protestantism area in northern Europe • Southern Europe stayed Catholic |
| Mercantilism | -economic theory that states a nations's power is determined by its wealth of gold and silver-Goal is to become self-sufficient-Must export more than import-Gov. should regulate trade and set up colonies |
| Bart Dias | -export for Portugal-reached southern tip of Africa |
| Vasco da Gama | -explore for portugal-sailed around the tip of Africa and reached India |
| Middle Passage | -term for the journey across the Atlantic Ocean for Africans that were taken as slaves |
| Native Population of Spain colonies | -decline due to disease, enslavement, and abuse-disease was a primary reason for decline |
| Triangular Trade | -raw material went west from America to Europe-Manufactured goods went from Europe to Africa and the Americas-Slaves were bought from Africas to Americas |
| Prince Henry | -Established a school for navigators in Portugal |
| Columbus | -sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabel of Spain-Sailed west across the Atlantic hoping to reach Asia but instead discovered the New World |
| Cortes | -Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs in Mexico |
| Pizaro | -Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in Peru |
| Louis XIII/Cardinal Richeliu | Richeliu served as Louis XIII advisor & he increased royal power in France by takking power away from nobles & huegonotes |
| Edict of Nantes | issued by Henry IV of France-Granted Huguenots the rights to worship in the areas were they were majority-Cancelled by Louis XIII |
| Louis XIV | absolute monarch of France-known as the sun king-Said "I am the State |
| Thirty Years Wars | -started when ferdinand tried to impose Catholocism on Czech Protestants & they rebelleed-Haspburgs hoped to use the war to unify the German states under their control as the Holy Roman Empire |
| Divine Right | -theory that a ruler gets his power from God-used to support absolutw monarchy |
| Versailles | -palace built by Louis XIV-Nobles lived there so Louis could keep an eye on them |
| Treaty of Westphilia | -ended thirty years war-Added Calvinist to the list of religions German princes could choose for his land-Recognized inependance of 300 German states-Haspburgs didnt achieve goal of unifying Holy Roman Empire |
| Balance of Power | no single nation should be dominated by Europe |
| James I | -Belived his right to rule came from God-Quarrled with parliament over money, religion and foreign policy |
| Charles I | followed james I & tried to rule as an absolute monarch causing the English civil war |
| Effects of the English civil war/commonwealth | limited the power of the monarch |
| Thomas Hobbes | -wrote Levianthan-believed absolute monarch was best form of gov.-believed that people gave up all the rights to the ruler; including right to rebel- had low opinion on uman nature and believed that people would constantly fight without strong gov. |
| John Locke | -Wrote Two treaties of government-believed limited monarchy was the best form of gov.-Belived people were born with natural rightd of life, liberty, and property; these rights could not be given up or taken away-people had right to rebel if ruler was tyra |
| Montesquieu | -believed that the power of gov. should be divided among 3 branches with check and balances to prevent one from being too powerful-Influences US constitution |
| Copernicus | -first to propose that the sun not the earth was the center of the universe-Heliocentric Theory states the earth revolves around the sun and the earth rotates of its axis |
| Deism | Religion influenced buy the Enlightenment and based of logic and reason |
| Romanticism | -Romantic philosophers believed Enlightned philosophers based too much on logic and reason than instancet and emotion |
| Descartes | Wrote "I think, therefore I am"-The only thing you can be sure of is your own existance |
| Salons | Parties held by wealthy woman to share enlightment ideas |
| Estates-Genral, members, problems, and privalages | First Estate was clergy: paid no taxes Second Estates was nobles: paid no taxes Third Estates: middles class, workers, peasents high tax burden and little power |
| Bastille | -Paris mob stormed prison fortress symbol of old Regime -Showed people that supported Revolution change |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens | -Adopted the national assembly-protected freedom of speech, religion and protected arbitrary arrest-Rights did not apply to woman |
| Constitution of 1791 | -written by national assembly-established limited monarch |
| Louis XVI | executed for treason by radicals during frech rev. |
| Napoleon's Coup | -seized power by overthrowing the Directory-Became First Consul, then First Consul for Life, then Emporor |
| Napoleons Empire | By 1812 Napolean had conquored all europe except England |
| Contenental System | -Napoleans plan for economic warefare to destroy Britians economy-Forbade trade between Europe and Britian-hurt French ecomomy more than Britians |
| Napoleans defeat in Russia | invaded Russia for violating continental system-French defeated by harsh Russian winter |
| Lasting Results of French Rev. | -feudalism ended Monarch's power limited-Nationalism grew throughout Europe |
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