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Chapter 23
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Queen Victoria | Queen of Great Britain and Ireland from 1837 to 1901 and empress of India from 1876 to 1901. |
| Victorian Era | the era spanning the reign of Queen Victoria of England |
| Benjamin Disraeli | British statesman; as prime minister, he oversaw the passage of key reforms, including an extension of male suffrage |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| Emmeline Pankhurst | British woman suffragist; she founded the Women's Social and Political Union in 1903 |
| Louis Philippe | King of France from 1830 to 1848; he came to power after the July Revolution and he was known as the "citizen king" for showing an interest in the working class and having much in common with middle class |
| Louis Napoleon | Emperor of France from 1852 to 1870; after winning the presidential election in 1848, he took absolute power |
| Dreyfus affair | a political scandal that divided France in the 1890s, involving the wrongful conviction of Jewish army officer Alfred Dreyfus for treason. |
| anti-Semitism | hostility or prejudice towards Jews |
| Theodor Herzl | Hungarian Zionist leader; in 1896 he wrote The Jewish State, which outlined plans for an independent Jewish country |
| Zionism | nationalism movement, begun in the 1890s, to establish a Jewish state in Palestine |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture | Haitian patriot and martyr; he took control of Hispaniola for the French and was a hero of the people |
| creoles | people of Spanish or Portuguese descent born in the Americas |
| peninsulares | colonists in Latin American who were born on the Iberian Peninsula, in Spain or Portugal |
| Miguel Hidalgo | Mexican priest and revolutionary; he made the first public call for Mexican independence. |
| Jose Maria Morelos | Creole priest; he became the leader of the revolutionary movement in Mexico after Miguel Hidalgo's death |
| Simon Bolivar | South American revolutionary who led independece wars in the present nations of Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia |
| Jose de San Martin | |
| Pedro I | First Emperor of Brazil; declared Brazil's independence from Portugal, where Pedro's father was King. |
| Louisiana Purchase | the purchase of land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains that nearly doubted the size of the United States |
| Monroe Doctrine | U.S President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility by the United States |
| manifest destiny | a belief shared by many Americans in the mid-1800s that the United States expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans |
| Trail of Tears | an 800 mile march made by the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia to Indian Territory; resulted in the deaths of almost one-fourth of the Cherokee people |
| abolition | abolishment of slavery |
| Abraham Lincoln | 16th President of the United States; his election led to the secession of the Southern states and the Civil War |
| secession | the act of separating from |
| Emancipation Proclamation | in 1862 an order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the enslaved people in the areas rebelling against the Union |
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