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Chapter 22
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Michael Faraday | English scientist; he invented the dynamo- a machine that generated electricity |
| Thomas Edison | established a power plant that supplied electricity to parts of New York City |
| Bessemer process | a process developed in the 1850s that led faster, cheaper steel production |
| Henry Ford | revolutionized factory production through use of the assembly line and popularized the affordable automobile |
| Wilbur and Orville Wright | American pioneers of aviation; they went from experiments with kites and gliders to piloting the first successful gas-powered airplane flight |
| telegraph | a machine perfected by Samuel F.B. Morse in 1832; it uses pulses of electric current to send messages across long distances through wires |
| Samuel Morse | American artist and inventor; he applied scientists' discoveries of electricity and magnetism to develop the telegraph |
| Charles Darwin | English scientist; he proposed the theory of evolution through natural selection, which came to be known as Dariwnism |
| Marie and Pierre Curie | European chemists and physicists; they discovered radium and polonium in 1898 |
| radioactivity | a process in which certain elements constantly break down and release energy |
| Albert Einstein | he developed the theory of relativity among his many scientific theories and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1921 |
| Louis Pasteur | his experiments with bacteria disproved the theory of infection; developed vaccines for anthrax and rabies |
| pasteurization | the process of heating liquids to kill bacteria and prevent fermentation |
| anesthetic | a drug that inhibits pain during surgery |
| Ivan Pavlov | Russian physiologist and experimental psychologist; he researched the physiology of the heart, the digestive system, the brain, and the higher nervous system. |
| Sigmund Freud | Austrian psychiatrist and founder of psychoanalysis; he treated hysteria using hypnosis and believed that complexes of repressed and forgotten impressions underlie all abnormal mental states |
| urbanization | the migration of people from rural areas to cities |
| romanticism | an artistic and literary movement at the beginning of the 1800s which rejected the rationalism of the Enlightenment in favor of emotion, intuition, and imagination |
| William Wordsworth | English Romantic poet; his works include The Evening Walk, Descriptive Sketches, The Prelude, and The Excursion |
| Ludwig van Beethoven | German composer who spanned the Classical and Romantic periods; often considered the greatest composer; wrote symphonies; quartets, and sonatas. |
| realism | a mid-1800s movement in art and literature that rejected romanticism and sought to depict the details of everyday life, no matter how unpleasant |
| Charles Dickens | English author during the Victorian era |
| Leo Tolstoy | Russian novelist; his novel War and Peace portrayed war as confusing and horrible |
| Henrik Ibsen | Norwegian poet and dramatist; he wrote A Doll's House, which revealed the unfair treatment of woman in the home |
| impressionism | a new style of painting that began in France in the 1860s in which artists used light, vivid color ; and seeming motion to capture an impression of a scene |
| Alexander Graham Bell | American inventor and educator; his interest in electrical and mechanical devices to aid people with hearing impairments led to the development and patent of the telephone |
| Guglielmo Marconi | Italian physicist; he experimented with wireless telegraphy and established communication across the English Channel between France and England |
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