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JEH1T Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where is most of our information about this period from? | Josephus |
| What empire did Alexander the Great lead? | the Greek empire |
| Where is Alexander the Great originally from? | Macedonia |
| Word describing Greek society | Hellenistic |
| How many gods did Hellenists believe in? | many |
| Did Simon (Cohen HaGadol) welcome or fight against Alexander + the Greeks? | Welcome |
| Did Alexander respect or disrespect the Jews' culture? | Respected |
| Where is Alexandria? | Egypt |
| How did people sit in the Alexandrian synagogue? | With their craft |
| Were the Jews in Alexandria wealthy or poor? | Wealthy |
| What was the purpose of the library? | To collect all the knowledge in the world |
| What was the Greek translation of the Torah called? | the Septuagint |
| What language is the Septuagint? | Greek |
| Why was the Septuagint created? | Bc Jews in Alexandria mostly spoke Greek + couldn't read the Torah in Hebrew + King Ptolemy II needed it to complete his library collection |
| Two different views of creation of Septuagint in Talmud? | 1) Septuagint can never be adequately translated 2) it is as big of a sin as the golden calf |
| What is a Greek city called? | Polis |
| What did the Rabbis think of Hellenism? | 1) not enough time for Greek culture in Jewish life 2) don't adapt Torah to world, adapt world to Torah |
| What were Jews that followed Hellenism called? | Hellenists |
| Two different kinds of Hellenists? | Extreme Hellenists + moderate Hellenists |
| Who wrote that "All wisdom comes from the Lord"? | Ben Sira |
| What does "All wisdom comes from the Lord" mean? | "All wisdom" shows Greek values (highest Hellenistic value was what you know) + "the Lord" shows Jewish value (highest Jewish value is what you do, i.e. mitzvot, which come from the Lord) |
| Did the rabbis think moderate Hellenists were more or less dangerous than extreme Hellenists? | More |
| Why did rabbis think moderate Hellenists were more dangerous than extreme Hellenists? | Bc they would make Hellenistic religion more appealing and accessible + more Jews will become Hellenists through moderate Hellenism than through extreme Hellenism. They said that ppl who read books of Ben Sira wouldn't go to heaven |
| What were Jews who upheld Judaism called? | Hasidim |
| Who took over Alexander the Great? | the Seleucid dynasty |
| Did Antiochus IV make things better or worse for the Jews? | Worse |
| What did Antiochus IV do? | Doubled taxes + Hellenized aggressively |
| Who was the Cohen HaGadol? | Jason |
| What did Jason build in Jerusalem? | A gymnasium |
| Who overthrew Jason? | Menelaus |
| What happened after Menelaus overthrew Jason? | Jason overthrew Menelaus + forced him into hiding |
| Why was Antiochus mad at Jason for overthrowing Menelaus? | He saw it as a personal attack against his rule |
| What did Antiochus do after Jason overthrew Menelaus? | Stole from the temple and killed citizens of Jerusalem w/ Menelaus |
| What did Antiochus prohibit the Jews from doing? | Practicing Judaism |
| What family was Matitiyahu a member of? | Hasmonean family |
| Where was Matitiyahu when he was told to sacrifice to Greek gods? | Modi'in |
| What happened when Matitiyahu was told to sacrifice to Greek gods? | Another Jew stood up to make the sacrifice instead of Matitiyahu + Matitiyahu killed him + attacked a gov't official |
| Who did Matitiyahu take with him to the wilderness? | His 5 sons |
| Who took over the Maccabees after Matitiyahu died? | His son, Judah |
| Who was part of the Maccabean civil war? | Maccabees + Hasidim vs. Hellenists |
| How did Maccabees fight against the Seleucids? | Using guerrilla warfare |
| What did the Maccabees do after they won the war? | Marched into Jerusalem + ritually cleaned the Temple, re-established traditional Jewish worship + installed Jonathan Maccabee as high priest |
| Which family ruled after the Maccabees won the war? | the Hasmonean family |
| What happened after the Hasmonean family took over? | Jews gained independence |
| Who was an important king in the Hasmonean dynasty? | King Alexander Yannai |
| Who was Alexander Yannai married to? | Queen Salome |
| Who did Alexander Yannai get along with? | Saducees |
| Who did Alexander Yannai disagree with? | Pharisees |
| Why did Alexander Yannai + the Pharisees disagree? | Bc King Yannai was combining high-priest + kingship (not allowed in Jewish law) + Pharisees didn't like that Hasmoneans supported Hellenists |
| What did the Pharisees throw at Yannai? | Etrogim |
| When did the Pharisees throw etrogim at Yannai? | Sukkot |
| Who took over the Hasmonean dynasty after Alexander Yannai? | Queen Salome |
| Before Alexander Yannai died, what did he advise Salome to do? | Make peace w/ Pharisees |
| Why does Yannai want to make peace w/ Pharisees? | He feels his dynasty is threatened + wants to protect Hasmoneans + keep them in power |
| What does Queen Salome do when put in power? | Followed his advice successfully |
| Who became the ruling class under Queen Salome? | Pharisees |
| Who took over the Sanhedrin? | Pharisees |
| What is the Sanhedrin? | Jewish court |
| How did Shimon ben Shetach get the Sadducees out of the Sanhedrin? | He said that only those who understand the Torah should be allowed in the Sanhedrin. Sadducees couldn't fulfill this task so they were replaced one by one by the Pharisees |
| Who were Salome's two sons? | Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II |
| Who did the brothers ask for help to fight against the other one for the leadership of Judah? | Pompey |
| Who did the Romans decide to help? | Hyrcanus II |
| What happened when Hyrcanus II won against Aristobulus? | The Romans only put Hyrcanus as the High Priest (not King) |
| Who became King of Judah after Hyrcanus II became High Priest? | Antipater |
| What did the Samaritans request of Alexander? | To build their own Temple + and have Alexander's son-in-law, Manasses as their priest |
| Are there any details in Josephus that do not appear to be historically accurate? | That Alexander would pray in the Jewish temple (he believed in + prayed to Greek gods, not the Jewish G-d) |
| Why was the Greek conquest beneficial for the Jews? | Alexander would allow the Jews to follow their own customs + laws |
| What can be learned from the socio-economic status + culture of Jews in Alexandria? | Wealthy + educated (had their own large synagogue) |
| What was the benefit of the Jewish "networking" system described (in Alexandrian synagogue)? | If stranger or poor person came to synagogue, they would know where to sit + wouldn't have to sit alone |
| Identify the Jewish institutions of Alexandria | Synagogue + library |
| What impact did the synagogue have on Jewish lifestyle? | Made synagogue not only place for worship + sacrifice but also for Torah study, opened Torah study to larger Jewish audience |
| What impact did the library have on Jewish lifestyle? | Opened Torah study to larger audience |
| What was the relationship btwn King Ptolemy + the High Priest? | Good + friendly |
| Is the Letter of Aristeas a historical document, according to the historians? | No bc they think it was written by an Alexandrian Jew pretending to be Greek |
| Social + cultural situation of Jews in Egypt? | Were friendly w/ Greek non-Jews + acculturated (but not assimilated) in Greek society bc they were allowed to have own synagogue + library + socialized w/ Greek non-Jews |
| What details are added from Talmud on Septuagint? | King Ptolemy gathered 72 scribes, put them in separated rooms + asked them to translate the Torah into Greek. With the help of G-d, they all translated the Torah identically |
| What did Yannai do at Kohalith? | Conquered 60 towns |
| What did it symbolize when Yannai conquered 60 towns at Kohalith? | He was a powerful king |
| What reason did Eleazar give to discredit the Pharisees to Yannai and how did he respond? | He said that Yannai is superior to the Pharisees and everyone else and that Yannai should kill the Pharisees |
| What was Yannai's attitude toward the study of Torah? | Thought it was unimportant |
| What was Yannai's relationship with his people like? | Very bad, they even tried to rebel against him |
| How many Jews did Yannai kill? | 6000 |
| How many Jews went into exile until Yannai's death? | 8000 |
| Why were there no Pharisees in the Sanhedrin? | Bc Yannai didn't allow them in the Sanhedrin |
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