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Chapter 15
medical terminology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| hypercalcemia | excess of calcium in the blood |
| decalceification | removal of calcium in the bones |
| kyphosis | abnormal condition of of posterior curvature of the spine (humpback) |
| laminectomy | removal of lamina |
| lordosis | abnormal condition of exaggerated anterior curvature of the spine (swayback) |
| lumbar | pertaining to the lower back |
| lumbosacral | pertaining to the lower back and the sacrum |
| myelopoiesis | formation of bone marrow |
| orthopedics | medical specialty dealing with bone disorders |
| osteitis | inflammation of bone |
| osteodsytrophy | poor development of bone |
| osteogenisis osteogenisis imperfecta) | formation of bone (brittle bone disease) |
| scoliosis | abnormal lateral curvature in the spine |
| spondylosis | abnormal condition of the vertebrae |
| vertebroplasty | surgical repair of a vertebra |
| osteoblast | immature bone cell |
| osteoclast | cell that breaks down and removes bone |
| spondylolithesis | forward slipping of a vertebra over a lower vertebra |
| osteomalacia | softening of bone |
| epiphysis | the end of a long bone (to grow above) |
| pubic symphysis | area where the pubic bones grow together |
| osteoporosis | abnormal condition of loss of bone tissue and decrease in bone mass |
| osteotome | an instrument to cut bone |
| osteoclasis | surgical breaking of bone |
| acetabular | pertaining to the hip socket (acetabulum) |
| calcaneal | pertaining to the heel (calcaneus) |
| carpal | pertaining to the wrist bones (carpals) |
| supraclavicular | pertaining to above the collar bone (clavicle) |
| subcostal | pertaining to below the ribs |
| chondrocostal | pertaining to the cartilage attached to the ribs |
| craniotomy | process of cutting into the skull (cranium) |
| craniotome | instrument to cut the skull |
| femoral | pertaining to the thigh bone (femur) |
| fibular | pertaining to the fibula (smaller lower leg bone) |
| humeral | pertaining to the humerus (upper arm bone) |
| iliac | pertaining to the ilium (upper part of the pelvic bone) |
| ischial | pertaining to the ishchium (posterior part of the pelvic bone) |
| malleolar | pertaining to the malleolus (process on each side of the ankle) |
| mandibular | pertaining to the mandible (lower jaw bone) |
| maxillary | pertaining to the maxilla (upper jawbone) |
| metacarpectomy | removal of he metacarpals (hand bones) |
| metatarsalgia | pain in metatarsals (foot bones) |
| olecranal | pertaining to the elbow (olecranon |
| patellar | pertaining to the kneecap (patella) |
| pelvimetry | measurement of the dimensions of the pelvis |
| peroneal | pertaining to the fibula |
| phalangeal | pertaining to the phalanges (fingers or toe bones) |
| pubic | pertaining to the pubis (anterior part f the pelvic bone) |
| radial | pertaining to the radius (forearm bone-thumb side) |
| scapular | pertaining to the shoulder blade (scapula) |
| sternal | pertaining to the sternum (breastbone) |
| tarsectomy | removal of the tarsals (bones of the hindfoot) |
| tibial | pertaining to the tibia (shin bone) |
| ulnar | pertaining to the ulna (forearm bone-pinky side) |
| Ewing sarcoma | rare malignant tumor arising in bone; often occurring in children |
| extosis | bony growth(benign) arising from the surface of bone |
| fracture | traumatic breaking of bone |
| colles fracture | near the wrist at distal end of radius |
| comminuted fracture | bone is crushed and splintered into several pieces |
| compression fracture | bone collapses or is compressed; occurs in vertebrae |
| green stick fracture | bone is partially broke, breaks on one surface and bends on another; often occurring in forearm |
| impacted fracture | one fragment is driven firmly into the other; at the head of the femur or head of humerus |
| osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma) | common malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found in children and adolescents |
| osteomyelitis | inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection |
| articular cartilage | smooth glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint |
| bursa | sac of fluid near a joint |
| ligament | connective tissue binding bones to other bones |
| tendon | connective tissue that binds muscles to bones |
| ankylosis | abnormal stiffening of a joint |
| arthroplasty | surgical repair of a joint |
| arthrotomy | incision of a joint |
| hemarthrosis | abnormal condition of blood in a joint |
| hydrarthrosis | abnormal condition of fluid in joints |
| polyarthritis | inflammation of many joints |
| bursitis | inflammation of a bursa |
| achondroplasia | a condition due to a defect in the formation of cartliage and bone |
| chondroma | benign tumor of cartilage |
| chondromalacia | softening of cartilage |
| ligamentous | pertaining to a ligament |
| rhematologist | a specialist in the study of joints and joint disorders |
| synovitis | inflammation of the synovial membrane |
| tenorrhaphy | suture of a tendon |
| tenosynovitis | inflammation of a tendon and its sheath |
| tendinitis | inflammation of a tendon |
| arthrodesis | a surgical fusion of a joint |
| spinal stenosis | narrowing of the spinal canal |
| fasciotomy | incision of the fascia |
| fibromyalgia | pain of the fibrous connective tissue and muscle |
| leiomyoma | tumor of smooth muscle |
| leiomyosarcoma | cancerous tumor of smooth muscle |
| myalgia | muscle pain |
| electromyography (EMG) | process of recording the strength of muscle contraction after electrical stimulation |
| myopathy | disease of a muscle |
| myocardial | pertaining to the heart muscle |
| myositis | inflammation of a muscle |
| plantar flexion | bending the sole of the foot downward toward the ground |
| rhabdomyoma | tumor of the skeletal muscle |
| rhabdomyosarcoma | cancerous tumor of skeletal muscle |
| sarcopenia | loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging |
| myastenia gravis | a neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles |
| atrophy | decrease in cell size |
| hypertrophy | increase in cell size |
| amytrophic | pertaining to no muscle development |
| abduction | movement away from the midline away from the body |
| adduction | movement towards the midline of the body |
| dorsiflexion | process of bending back |
| polymyalgia | pain of many muscles |
| arthritis | inflammation of any joint |
| ankylosing spondylitis | chronic progressive arthritis primarily of the spine |
| gouty arthritis (gout) | inflammation and painful swelling of joints cause by excessive uric acid in the body |
| osteoarthritis (OA) | progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone articular surfaces |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane |
| bunion | enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint) |
| carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) | Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist |
| dislocation | Displacement of a bone from its joint |
| ganglion cyst | Fluid-filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons, typically in the hand |
| Lyme disease (Lyme arthritis) | Disorder marked by arthritis, myalgia, and malaise; cause is a bacterium carried by a tick. |
| sprain | Trauma to ligaments without rupture. |
| systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) | Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system (CNS), heart, and lungs |
| flexion | Decreasing the angle between two bones; bending a limb |
| extension | Increasing the angle between two bones; straightening out a limb. |
| supination | the act of turning the palm up |
| pronation | the act of turning the palm down |
| fascia | Fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles |
| insertion of a muscle | Connection of the muscle to a bone that moves |
| origin of a muscle | Connection of the muscle to a stationary bone |
| striated muscle | Muscle connected to bones; voluntary or skeletal muscle |
| visceral muscle | Muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle. |
| rheumatoid factor test (RF) | Serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis |
| arthroscopy | Visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope and television camera |
| bone density test (bone densitometry) | Low-energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass. |
| computed tomography (CT) | X-ray beam and computer provide cross-sectional and other images. |
| diskography | X-ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of the disk). |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | Magnetic field creates images of soft tissue |
| muscle biopsy | Removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination |
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