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Ch 11 Vocab. AP Geo
Vocabulary for chapter 11 of The cultural landscape an intro. to human geography
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Acid deposition | sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, that enter the atmosphere-where they combine with oxygen & water to form sulfuric acid & nitric acid-and return to Earth's surface |
Acid precipitation | Conversion of sulfur oxide & nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog |
Air pollution | Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air |
Apparel | an article of clothing |
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) | amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution |
Break-of-bulk point | location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another |
Bulk-gaining industry | industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume the inputs |
Bulk-reducing industry | industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs |
Chlorofluocarbon (CFC) | gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, & in plastic foams & fire extinguishers |
Cottage industry | manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, commonly found prior to the Industrial Revolution |
Ferrous | metals, including iron, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel |
Fordist production | form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly |
Greenhouse effect | anticipated increase in Earth's temperature caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface |
Industrial Revolution | series of improvements in industrial technology that transferred the process of manufacturing goods |
Just-in-time delivery | shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed |
Labor-intensive industry | industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses |
Maquiladora | factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico |
New international division of labor | transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries |
Nonferrous | metals utilized to make products other than iron and steel |
Nonpoint-source pollution | pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area |
Outsourcing | decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers |
Ozone | gas that absorbs ultraviolet radiation, found in the stratosphere, a zone 15 to 50 kilometers (9-30 miles) above Earths surface |
Photochemical smog | atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions & pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions |
Point-source pollution | pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source |
Post-Fordist production | adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks |
Right-to-work law | U.S. law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment |
Sanitary landfill | place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trasht, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin |
Site factors | location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land labor, and capital |
Situation factors | location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory |
Textile | fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing |
Vertical integration | approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process |