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Chapter 20
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Old Order | the political and social system in place in France before the Revolution |
| King Louis XVI | King of France from 1643 to 1715; unpopular policies started the French Revolution |
| Marie-Antoinette | Queen of France; Queen during French Revolution, disliked by many citizens |
| First Estate | in pre-Revolution France, the clergy |
| Second Estate | in pre-Revolution France, the nobles |
| Third Estate | in pre-Revolution France, the bourgeoisie, artisans, workers, and peasants |
| bourgeoise | the urban middle class; merchants, professionals, and manufacturers |
| sansculottes | "without breeches"; a radical group of shopkeepers and wage earners during the French Revolution who wanted a larger voice in government and an end to food shortages |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | a document that laid out the basic principles of the French Revolution-liberty, equality, and fraternity |
| Maximilien Robespierre | Leading figure of the French Revolution; he was known for his intense dedication to the Revolution. |
| guillotine | a device used during the French Revolution for beheading people |
| counterrevolution | a revolution against a government established by a revolution |
| Reign of Terror | a period during the French Revolution in which the Robespierre-led government executed thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | general; Emperor of France; he seized power in a coup in 1799 |
| Admiral Horatio Nelson | British admiral; he defeated Napoleon's navy in Egypt and again at the battle of Trafalgar |
| coup d'etat | "stroke of state"; the sudden overthrow of government by force |
| plebiscite | the procedure used to submit the constitution of a new government to the people for a yes-or-no vote |
| Continental System | the system of commercial blockades of Britain and continental Europe set in place by Napoleon with the intent of destroying Britain's economy |
| nationalism | sense of pride and devotion to one's nation |
| Czar Alexander I | Czar of Russia from 1801 to 1825; after defeat of the Napoleon's army in 1812, he became one of the most powerful leaders in Europe |
| Hundred Days | period that marks the time between Napoleon's return to Paris from Elba, his final defeat at Waterloo and the restoration of King Louis XVIII |
| Duke of Wellington | British soldier and statesman; he led the British troops against Napoleon at the battle o f Waterloo |
| Prince Klemens von Metternich | Austrian statesman and diplomat; he was the Austrian representative at the Congress of Vienna |
| Charles Maurice de Talleyrand | French statesman and diplomat; he was one of the negotiators at the Congress of Vienna. He represented France on behalf of Louis XVIII |
| indemnity | compensation that is paid to a nation for the damage inflicted upon it in a war |
| reactionary | an extremist who not only opposes change but also wants to undo certain charges |
| radical | fraction or those who favored extreme change. |
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