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Chapter 19
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| geocentric theory | scientific theory that has the earth as the center of the universe with the sun and stars revolving around it |
| Scientific Revolution | a transformation in European thought in the 1500s and 1600s that called for scientific observation, experimentation, and the questioning of traditional opinions |
| scientific method | a method of inquiry that promotes observing, measuring, explaining, and verifying as a way to gain scientific knowledge |
| Rene Descartes | French philosopher, mathmatician, and scientist |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish astronomer; he proposed the heliocentric, or sun-centered, theory of the universe. |
| heliocentric theory | scientific theory that has the sun as the center of the universe with the earth rotating around the sun |
| Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist |
| Issac Newton | English mathematician and natural philosopher; he discovered the law of gravity |
| Enlightenment | a time of optimism and possibility from the late 1600s to the late 1700s; also called Age of Reason |
| salons | gatherings in which intellectual and political ideas were exchanged during the Enlightenment |
| social contract | an agreement between people and their government, stating that people would give up some of their freedom and in return,, their government would provide them with peace, security, and order |
| John Locke | English philosopher and founder of British empiricism |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Swiss-French political philosopher; valued social contract |
| Baron de Montesquieu | French jurist and political philosopher; he explored democratic theories of government |
| philosophes | philosophers of the Enlightenment |
| Voltaire | French philosopher and author; he was a supporter of Deism, the idea that God was no longer involved with the universe after creating it |
| enlightened despots | the absolute monarchs in 18th century Europe who ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment |
| Stamp Act | a law passed by the British Parliament that raised tax money by requiring the American colonists to pay for an official stamp whenever they bought paper items |
| Thomas Jefferson | American statesman; third president of the United States; he was a member of two Continental Congresses, chairman of the committee to draft the declaration |
| Benjamin Franklin | American statesman; he was a philosopher, scientist, inventor, writer, publisher, first U.S. postmaster, and member of the committee to draft the Declaration |
| George Washington | First president of the United States; he commanded the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War |
| Treaty of Paris | the agreement that officially ended the American Revolution and established British recognition of the independence of the United States |
| James Madison | American statesman; he was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention and the fourth president of the United States |
| federal system | a system of government in which power is divided between a central, or a federal, government and individual states |
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