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Chapter 18
Term | Definition |
---|---|
absolute monarch | a ruler that has unlimited power and authority over his or her people |
divine right | the belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God |
Charles V | King of Spain; Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1558; his opposition to the Protestant Reformation embroiled Spain in a series of wars throughout his reign |
Peace of Augsburg | an agreement between states in the Holy Roman Empire that gave each German prince the right to decide whether his state would be Catholic Protestant |
Philip II | King of Spain, Naples from, and Portugal; he led Roman Catholic efforts to recover parts of Europe from Protestantism. He was defeated by England and the Netherlands. |
El Greco | Greek painter in Spain; chiefly religious in nature, his works express the spirit of the Counter, or Catholic, Reformation |
Diego Velazquez | Spanish painter; he painted in a realistic style but also worked in impressionism towards the end of his career |
Miguel de Cervantes | Spanish novelist, dramatist, and poet; he wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha. |
Sister Juana de la Cruz | Mexican nun and poet; she wrote poetry, prose, and plays |
Spanish Armada | a greet fleet assembled by Spain in 1558 for an invasion of England |
Huguenot | a French Protestant |
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre | August 24,1572; a massacre of 6,000 to 8,000 Huguenots in Paris authorized by King Charles IX and his mother Catherine de Medici |
Henry IV | King of Germany from 1056 to 1106 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1056 to 1106; he was excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII over bishop appointments; he acknowledged the pope's authority and was readmitted to the church |
Edict of Nantes | a declaration of French king Henry IV in which he promised that Protestants could live peacefully in France and were free to establish houses of worship in selected French cities |
Louis XIII | King of France from 1610 to 1643; a relatively weak ruler, he let Cardinal Richelieu, his chief minister, hold great sway during his reign |
Cardinal Richelieu | French minister and chief minister of King Louis XIII; he wanted to strengthen the monarchy and fought against Huguenot resistance to the Catholic monarchy |
Louis XIV | King of France from 1643 to 1715; known as the Sun King, he built the palace at Versailles as a means to consolidate absolute power; a series of wars at the end of his long reign drained Frances wealth |
War of the Spanish Succession | war fought over the Spanish throne; Louis XIV wanted it for his son and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman Empire to gain the throne for France |
Treaty of Utrecht | treaty that ended the War of the Spanish Succession; it gave the throne to Louis XIV's grandson but also stated that France and Spain would never be ruled by the same monarch |
Puritans | English Protestants of the late 1500s and most of the 1600s who wanted to "purify" the Church of England through reforms |
Charles I | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1625 to 1649; his conflict with Parliament started the English Civil War. He was beheaded in 1649 |
Royalists | supporters of the government by a monarch; used as a name for supporters of England's King Charles I |
Oliver Cromwell | Lord Protector of England; in 1642 he led Parliament's forces in deposing King Charles I; he became ruler of England in 1653 |
commonwealth | a republican government based on the common good of all the people |
Restoration | the period of the reign of Charles II in England when the monarchy was restored after the collapse of a previous leaders government |
Charles II | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1660 to 1685 and eldest son of King Charles I; he was asked by the Parliament to rule England after the death of Oliver Cromwell |
William and Mary | King William III and Queen Mary II rulers of Great Britain who replaced King James II as a result of the Glorious Revolution |
Glorious Revolution | a nonviolent revolution in which leaders of Britain's Parliament invited Mary, daughter of King James II, and her husband, the Dutch ruler William of Orange, to replace King James II |
constitutional monarchy | a monarchy limited by certain laws |
boyars | wealthy Russian landowners |
czar | "caesar", title taken by the ruler of Russia |
Ivan IV | Grand duke of Russia and the first Russian ruler to assume to title a czar; also known as Ivan the Terrible. |
Peter the Great | Czar of Russia from 1682 to 1725; he transformed Russia into modern state. He was an absolute monarch who brought the ways of Western Europe to Russia and made various reforms |
westernization | the adoption of the culture and ideas of Western society, namely Europe and America |
Catherine the Great | Czarina of Russia from 1762 to 1796; ruling with absolute power, she introduced a number of reforms that extended Peter the Great's policy of "westernization" |
Thirty Years' War | a conflict in Europe that begain as a Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire. |
Treaty of Westphalia | treaty ending the Thirty Years' War; it reduced the power of the Holy Roman Emperor. |
Maria Theresa | Austrian archduchess, queen of Bohemia and Hungary from 1740 to 1780; she took the throne after the War of the Austrian Succession. |
Frederick the Great | King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786; through victories in a series of wars with Austria, Prussia's main rival for dominance among the German states, Frederick made Prussia a major European power in the late 1700s |