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APWH 23-25
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Population Revolution | huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization. |
| Proto-industrialization | preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers become full or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution. |
| American Revolution | rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States. |
| French Revolution | overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe. |
| Louis XVI | Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution. |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements. |
| guillotine | introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror. |
| Robespierre | leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution; presided over the Reign of Terror; arrested and executed by moderate revolutionaries. |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815. |
| Congress of Vienna | met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power |
| liberalism | political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments. |
| radicals | followers of a 19th-century western European political emphasis: advocated broader voting rights than liberals; urged reforms favoring the lower classes. |
| socialism | political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class. |
| nationalism | European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins. |
| Greek Revolution | rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan empire. |
| French Revolution of 1830 | second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement which created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy. |
| Belgian Revolution of 1830 | produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy. |
| Reform Bill of 1832 | British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class |
| James Watt | devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution. |
| factory system | intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline. |
| Luddites | workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd. |
| Chartist Movement | unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s. |
| French Revolution of 1848 | overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the 2nd French Republic. |
| Revolutions of 1848 | the nationalist and liberal movements within the Habsburg Empire (Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary); after temporary success they were suppressed. |
| Louis Pasteur | discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him. |
| Benjamin Disraeli | British politician; granted the vote to working-class males in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform. |
| Camillo di Cavour | architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the King of Piedmont. |
| Otto von Bismarck | Otto von Bismarck conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; utilized liberal reforms to maintain stability. |
| American Civil War (1861-1865) | fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States. |
| transformismo | political system in Italy that allied conservative and liberals in support of the status quo. |
| "social question" | issues relating to workers and women, in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870. |
| Karl Marx | German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship. |
| revisionism | socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions. |
| feminist movements | sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women. |
| mass leisure culture | an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports. |
| Charles Darwin | biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival. |
| Albert Einstein | formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; about 1900 issued the theory of relativity. |
| Sigmund Freud | Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses. |
| Romanticism | 19th western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection. |
| American exceptionalism | historical argument that the development of the United States was largely individualistic and that contact with Europe was incidental to American formation. |
| Triple Alliance | alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I. |
| Triple Entente | agreement between Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I. |
| Balkan nationalism | movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I. |
| Kingdom of Mataram | controlled most of interior Java in the 17th century; weakness of the state after the 1670s allowed the Dutch to expand their control over all of Java. |
| sepoys | Indian troops, trained in European style, serving the French and British. |
| Raj | the British political establishment in India. |
| Plassey (1757) | battle between the troops of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Siraj-ud-daula, ruler of Bengal; British victory gave them control of northeast India. |
| Robert Clive | architect of British victory at Plassey; established foundations of the Raj in northern India. |
| Presidencies | three districts that comprised the bulk of British ruled territories in India during the early 19th century; capitals at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay. |
| Princely States | ruled by Indian princes allied with the Raj; agents of the East India Company were stationed at their courts to ensure loyalty. |
| nabobs | name given to Britons who went to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation; returned to Britain to live richly. |
| Charles Cornwallis | British official who reformed East India Company corruption during the 1790s. |
| Isandhlwana (1879) | Zulu defeat of a British army; one of the few indigenous victories over 19th-century European armies. |
| tropical dependencies | Western European possessions in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations. |
| White Dominions | a type of settlement colony - as in North America and Australia - where European settlers made up the majority of the population. |
| settler colonies | colonies - as South Africa, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii - where minority European populations lived among majority indigenous peoples. |
| white racial supremacy | belief in the inherent superiority of whites over the rest of humanity; peaked in the period before World War I. |
| Great Trek | migration into the South African interior of thousands of Afrikaners seeking to escape British control. |
| Boer republics | independent states - the Orange Free State and Transvaal; - established during the 1850s in the South African interior by Afrikaners. |
| Cecil Rhodes | British entrepreneur in South Africa; manipulated political situation to gain entry to the diamonds and gold discovered in the Boer republics. |
| Boer War (1899-1902) | fought between the British and Afrikaners; British victory and post-war policies left African, population of South Africa under Afrikaner control. |
| James Cook | his voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 opened the islands to the West. |
| Kamehameha | Hawaiian prince; with British backing he created a unified kingdom by 1810; promoted the entry of Western ideas in commerce and social relations. |
| Great Mahele | Hawaiian edict issued in 1848 that imposed Western property concepts; that resulted in much Hawaiian land passed to Western commercial interests. |
| Toussaint L'Overture | leader of the slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804. |
| mask of Ferdinand | term given to the movements in Latin America allegedly loyal to the deposed Bourbon king of Spain; they actually were Creole movements for independence. |
| Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed. |
| Augustín Iturbide | conservative Creole officer in the Mexican army who joined the independence movement; made emperor in 1821. |
| Simon Bolívar | Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia. |
| Gran Colombia | existed as an independent state until 1830 when Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate independent nations. |
| José de San Martín | leader of movements in Rio de la Plata that led to the independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movements in Chile and Peru. |
| João VI | Portuguese monarch who fled the French to establish his court in Brazil from 1808 to 1820; Rio de Janeiro became the real capital of the Portuguese empire. |
| Pedro I | son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor |
| José Rodríguez de Francia | ruler of independent Paraguay as dictator until 1840. |
| Andrés Santa Cruz | mestizo general who established a union between independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839. |
| caudillos | leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government. |
| centralists | Latin American politicians who favored strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by conservative politicians. |
| federalists | Latin American politicians who favored regional governments rather than centralized administrations; often supported by liberal politicians. |
| Monroe Doctrine | United States declaration of 1823 that any attempt by a European country to colonize the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act. |
| guano | bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; a major Peruvian export between 1850 and 1880. |
| positivism | a philosophy based on the ideas of Auguste Compte; stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society. |
| Antonio López de Santa Ana | Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835. |
| Manifest Destiny | belief in the United States that it was destined to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific. |
| Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) | ratified Mexican by the United States; Mexico lost one-half of national territory. |
| Benito Juárez | Indian lawyer and politician who led a liberal revolution against Santa Ana; defeated by the French who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from 1867 to 1872. |
| La Reforma | name of Juárez's liberal revolution. |
| Maximilian von Habsburg | Austrian archduke proclaimed Emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862; after the French withdrawal he executed in 1867. |
| gauchos | mounted rural workers in the Rio de la Plata region. |
| Juan Manuel de Rosas | federalist leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy. |
| Argentine Republic | replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of a compromise between centralists and federalists. |
| Domingo F. Sarmiento | liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade and launched reforms in education and transportation. |
| fazendas | coffee estates that spread into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860; caused intensification of slavery. |
| modernization theory | the belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed. |
| dependency theory | the belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but were part of the same process; that development and growth of areas like western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions like Latin America. |
| Porfirio Díaz | one of Juárez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876 and dominated politics for 35 years. |
| cientificos | advisors to Díaz's government who were influenced strongly by Positivist ideas. |
| Spanish American War | Spanish American War: fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; resulted in annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines; permitted American intervention in the Caribbean. |
| Panama Canal | the United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panama isthmus. |
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