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WH: Ch 9
WH: INDUSTRIAL AGE
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gilded Age | Mark Twain's description of cities during the Industrial Age |
| Bessemer Process | Process developed for making light weight steel; led to building skyscrapers |
| United States | Leading industrial nation |
| Faraday | Invented the dynamo |
| Thomas Edison | Invented first useable lightbulb |
| Interchangeable parts | identical components (pieces) that could be used in place of one another; led to assembly line and mass production |
| Assembly line | workers add parts to a product that move along a conveyor belt |
| Railroad | this innovation led to a spiral of growth |
| Karl Benz | this inventor received a patent for the first automobile |
| Nicolas Otto | Inventor of the internal combustion engine (led to invention of automobile and airplane) |
| Henry Ford | Inventor who used the assembly line to mass produce automobiles |
| Wright Brothers | These men were responsible for first sustainable flight |
| Samuel Morse | Inventor of the telegraph |
| Alexander Graham Bell | Inventor of the telephone |
| Marconi | Inventor of the radio |
| Corporations | business that is owned by many investors who buy shares of stock; liability is limited to amount invested |
| Stock | shares of ownership in a company |
| Monopoly | having complete control of goods or services in order to eliminate competition and set prices |
| Trust | used by Robber Barons to avoid government regulations; companies assign stock to a board of trustees |
| Rockefeller | Tycoon who owned Standard Oil Company |
| Cartel | businesses who make the same product agree to limit production and set prices |
| Captain of Industry | capitalists and tycoons who served the nation and provided jobs (Andrew Carnegie) |
| Robber Baron | capitalists and tycoons who were known for being greedy and swindling the poor (Rockefeller) |
| Death rate | number of deaths per thousand per year; drop in deathrate led to population increase |
| Germ theory | Microbes cause disease |
| Louis Pasteur | Created a vaccine for rabies and anthrax; pasteurized (heated) milk to kill microbes |
| Koch | Scientist who identified the bacteria that caused tuberculosis |
| Urban renewal | rebuilding the poor areas (slums, tenements) of a city |
| Suburbs | better neighborhoods on the outskirts of a city; usually middle class who could afford transportation |
| Tenements | urban apartments near the center of cities where the factory workers (poor) lived |
| Skyscraper | 10+ story building, first designed by Louis Sullivan |
| Jacob Riis | Muckraker who wrote How the Other Half Lives; exposed the reality of the slums |
| Labor unions | Worker groups who used collective bargaining, strikes to achieve working conditions and wage increases |
| Collective bargaining | workers negotiate with owners (management) as a group for wage increases and improved working conditions |
| Strike | Work stoppage by labor unions |
| Government regulations | laws created by the government to oversee activites of businesses (trusts, cartels, etc) |
| Temperance | Social reform movement to prohibit the manufacture, sale of alcohol |
| Suffragettes | Reformers who worked for women's right to vote |
| Leading suffragettes | Elizabeth Cady Stanton ; Susan b Anthony |
| Mendeleyev | Scientist who developed the periodic table |
| Darwin | Scientist who developed theory of natural selection which led to idea of survival of the fittest |
| Social Darwinism | those who succeed (in business, war, etc) are more fit and therefore are superior (led to racism and descrimination) |
| Romanticism | cultural movement as a reaction to the Enlightenment (reason) that included simple, direct language, intense feelings and glorification of nature |
| Wordsworth, Lord Byron, Goethe | Leading poets of romanticism |
| Victor Hugo | Romantic novelist who wrote Hunchback of Notre Dame (would move to Realism) |
| Gothic | style of the medieval period |
| Beethoven | German Romantic composer who was first to take advantage of an orchestra |
| Realism | cultural movement that attempted to show the world as it really is, without sentiment |
| Charles Dickens | English novelist who portrayed life in slums; wrote Oliver Twist |
| Hugo | wrote Les Miserables (realism) |
| Gustave Courbet | painter of Realism (THe Stone Breakers) |
| Louis Daguerre | inventor of first successful photography |
| Brady | photographer of US Civil War |
| Impressionism | group of painters who wished to capture first impressions of a scene or object |
| Monet | leading Impressionist painter |
| Vincent Van Gogh | postimpressionist painter |
| Gauguin | postimpressionist whose style reflected primitive folk art |
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