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PFT_Terms_Chapter04
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| aerobic | needing oxygen to survive |
| aminoglycoside | a class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosomal subunits; commonly used to treat serious infections |
| anaerobic | capable of surviving in the absence of oxygen |
| antibiotic | a chemical substance with the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria by interfering with bacteria life processes |
| antiseptic | a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms on the outside of the body |
| arrthythmia | variation in heartbeat, irregular heartbeat |
| bacteria | small, single-celled microorganisms that exist in three main forms: spherical (i.e., cocci), rod shaped (i.e., bacilli), and spiral (i.e., spirilla) |
| bactericidal agent | a drug that kills bacteria |
| bacteriostatic agent | a drug that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria |
| broad-spectrum antibiotic | an antibiotic that is effective against multiple organisms |
| cephalosporin | a class of antibiotics with a mechanism of action similar to that of penicillins, but with a different antibacterial spectrum, resistance to beta-lactamase, and pharmacokinetics; divided into first-, second-, third-, and fourth-generation agents |
| chelation | combination of an organic molecule such as a drug with a metal in complexes in which the metal ion is part of a ring |
| community-acquired | contracted outside of the hospital |
| cyclic lipopeptide | a new class of antibiotics that bind to bacterial membranes and cause the cell membrane to depolarize, thus leading to an inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis |
| disinfectant | an agent that frees inanimate objects from infection |
| D5W | dextrose 5% in water |
| empirical treatment | treatment begun before a definite diagnosis can be obtained |
| Gram staining | a staining technique that divides bacteria into gram-positive (purple) or gram-negative (red) based on the properties of their cell walls |
| hypotension | low blood pressure |
| infection | a condition in which bacteria grow in body tissues and cause tissue damage to the host either by their presence or by toxins they produce |
| ketolide | a class of antibiotics that block protein synthesis by binding to ribosomal subunits and may also inhibit the formation of new ribosomes; used primarily to treat bacterial infections in the lungs and sinuses |
| macrolide | a class of bacteriostatic antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by combining with ribosomes; used primarily to treat pulmonary infections caused by Legionella and gram-positive organisms |
| nephrotoxicity | ability to damage the kidneys |
| nosocomial | acquired by patients in the hospital |
| NS | normal saline |
| ophthalmic | to be used in the eye |
| otic | to be used in the ear |
| ototoxicity | ability to damage the organs of hearing |
| penicillin | a class of antibiotics obtained from Penicillium chrysogenum; kill bacteria by preventing them from forming a rigid cell wall, thereby allowing an excessive amount of water to enter through osmosis and cause lysis of the bacterium cell |
| pH | a measurement of acidity or alkalinity. pH 7 is neutral; a solution with a pH above 7 is alkaline; a solution with a pH below 7 is acidic |
| quinolone | a class of antibiotics with rapid bactericidal action against most gram-negative and many gram-positive bacteria; work by causing DNA breakage and cell death; cross the blood-brain barrier |
| sepsis | a systemic inflammatory response to infection resulting from blood-borne infections |
| Stevens-Johnson syndrome | a sometimes fatal form of erythema multiforme (an allergic reaction marked by red blotches on the skin) |
| streptogramin | one of a class of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis within the bacterial ribosomes; useful in the treatment of vancomycin- and methicillin-resistant infections |
| sulfonamides | sulfa drugs; a class of bacteriostatic antibiotics that work by blocking a specific step in the biosynthetic pathway of folic acid in bacteria |
| superinfection | a new infection complicating the course of therapy of an existing infection |
| tetracyclines | a class of broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics that are produced by soil organisms and inhibit protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes |
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