Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Functional Anatomy
Joints and Bone Characteristics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Kinesiology | study of motion or human movement |
| Anatomic kinesiology | study of human musculoskeletal system & musculotendinous system |
| Biomechanics | application of mechanical physics to human motion |
| Structural Kinesiology | study of muscles as they are involved in science of movement |
| Anatomical Position and the difference b/w anatomical and fundamental | Anatomical position : standing upright, facing forward, feet parallel and close, and palms facing forward Fundamental: same except arms are at sides and palms facing the body |
| Anterior | Front |
| Posterior | Back |
| Inferior | Below |
| Superior | Above |
| posterolateral | behind & to one side (specifically to the outside) |
| anteromedial | in front & towards the inner side/midline |
| contralateral | pertaining to or relating to the opposite side |
| ipsilateral | on the same side |
| bilateral | relating to the left and right sides of the body |
| distal | situated away from the center of the body |
| proximal | nearest the body |
| lateral | on or to the side |
| caudal | below in relation to another structure; inferior |
| cephalic | above in relation to another structure; superior |
| deep | beneath or below the surface - used to describe muscles/tissue location |
| superficial | near the surface; used to describe relative depth of muscle/tissue |
| prone | the body lying face downward; on one's stomach |
| supine | body lying facing upward; lying on one's back |
| dorsal | relating to the back; being located near, on or towards the posterior part |
| ventral | relating to the belly or abdomen |
| volar | relating to palm of the hand or the sole of the foot |
| plantar | relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot |
| axial (3 parts) | cephalic (head), cervical (neck), trunk |
| appendicular | upper limbs, lower limbs |
| sagittal plane | divides body into left and right halves |
| frontal plane | divides the body into front and back halves |
| transverse plane | divides body into top and bottom half |
| coronal axis | runs mediolateral, 90 degree angle with the sagittal plane, same orientation as frontal plane |
| anteroposterior axis | same orientation as the sagittal plane, runs front to back |
| What movements use the coronal axis? | flexion/extension |
| What movements use the anteroposterior axis? | abduction/adduction |
| vertical axis | runs down through the head, right angle to the transverse plane |
| what movements use vertical axis? | internal/external rotation |
| How many bones in the human body? | 206 |
| How many bones in the axial skeleton versus the appendicular skeleton? | 80 axial bones, 126 appendicular bones |
| What are the 5 functions of the skeleton? | 1. Protection of the heart, lungs, organs 2. Support to maintain posture 3. Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles 4. mineral storage (calcium/phosphorus) 5. hemopoiesis - process of blood cell formation in red blood marrow |
| What are the 5 types of bones? | long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid |
| what type of bone contains the medullary canal? | long bones ex. phalanges, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna |
| What bones are small and cubical shaped? | Short bones ex. carpals and tarsals |
| Which bones usually have a curved surface? | flat bones ex. sternum, scapula |
| What are examples of irregular bones | entire spine, pubis, and maxilla |
| Which bones are small bones embedded in the tendons and provide protection as well as mechanical advantage? | sesamoid bones ex. patella |
| Diaphysis | long cylindrical shaft of bone |
| cortex | hard, dense, compact bone that forms walls of diaphysis |
| Periosteum | dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis |
| endosteum | fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex |
| medullary cavity | b/w walls of diaphysis, contains yellow or fatty marrow |
| epiphysis | ends of long bones formed from spongy bone |
| epiphyseal plate | growth plate - thin plate of cartilage that separates diaphysis and epiphyses |
| articular cartilage | covers the epiphysis to provide cushioning and reduce friction |
| endochondral bones | bones which develop from hyaline cartilage; grow rapdily into the structures shaped similarly to the bones they will become |
| when does longitudinal growth stop? | when the epiphyseal plates disappear and close |
| osteoblasts | from new bone |
| osteoclasts | "clean up crew" - break down/resorb old bones |
| What is the breakdown of bone weight | 60-70% bone weight - calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate 25-30% water |
| What is the point of collagen? | provides some flexibility and strength in resisting tension |
| What causes progressive loss of collagen & increases brittleness? | aging |
| What is most outer bone made up of? | cortical bone |
| Which type of bone has higher porosity? | cancellous/spongy |
| Bones reshape themselves based upon what? | stresses placed upon them |
| bone mass increases over time with what? | increased stress |
| Which type of bone is stifffer? Which type can withstand more strain? | Cortical is stiffer, but Cancellous can undergo greater strength |
| What are the two main types of bone markings? | Processes and Cavities |
| Articulation | connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between the surfaces of the bones |
| What are the 3 major classifications of joints? | Synarthrodial, Amphiarthrodial, Diarthrodial |
| synarthrodial joint | immovable joint (ex. skull sutures) |
| syndesmosis | two bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseus membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones ex. tibiofibular joint |
| ampiarthrodial joint | slightly moveable (syndesmosis, synchonrosis, symphsis) |
| synchrondosis | joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows slight movement between the bones (ribs) |
| symphysis | joint separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows slight movement (pelvis) |
| diarthrodial joints | synovial joints; freely moveable, composed of a sleevelike joint capsule (cartilage) and secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint cavity |
| how many planes of motion do diarthrodial joints have motion in | 1 or more |
| arthrodial joints | gliding joints; consist of 2 plane or flat bony surfaces which butt against each other, little motion possible (ex. spine, intercarpal joints) |
| ginglymus joint | hinge joint; uniaxial articulation. only motion in one plane (ex. knee, elbow) |
| trochoid joint | pivot joint; uniaxial proximal and distal rasial-ulnar joints |
| condyloid joint | knuckle joint; ball and socket 2nd-5th metacarpals |
| enarthrodial joint | multiaxial/triaxial ball and socket joint ex. hip/shoulder |
| motions of the enarthrodial joints | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal abduction & adduction, rotation, (circumduction) |
| motions of the condyloid joint | flexion, extension, abduction & adduction (circumduction) |
| motions of the arthrodial joint | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal abduction & adduction, & rotation, (circumduction) |
| sellar joint **** | saddle joint; triaxial joint, two repciprically concave and convex articular surfaces |
| motions of the sellar joint | Flexion, extension, adduction & abduction, circumduction & slight rotation |
| physiological movements | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction & rotation occur by bones moving through planes of motion about an axis of rotation at a joint |
| accessory motions | spin, glide, & roll |
| spin | a single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another point on another articular surface |
| roll | a series of points on one articular surface contacts with a series of points on another articular surface |
| glide | slide; a specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface |
| can physiological motion occur if accessory motion is prevented? | no, unless by joint compression or distraction |
| which two motions must occur together to some extent? | glide and roll |
Created by:
moodym
Popular Medical sets