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AP GEO HCHS CH 9
Adams HCHS AP Human Geo. Rubenstein Ch 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Agribusiness | Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations. |
| Agricultural Revolution | The process that began when humans first domesticated plants and animals, and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering. |
| Agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. |
| Aquaculture | The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions. |
| Cash crop | A crop that is grown for sale, rather than for the farmer’s own use. |
| Cereal grain | A grass that yields grain for food. |
| Columbian exchange | The transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonization and trade. |
| Commercial agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. |
| Commercial gardening and fruit farming | Relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and other horticulture. |
| Conservation tillage | A method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff. |
| Crop | Any plan gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season. |
| Crop rotation | The practice of rotating the use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil. |
| Desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. |
| Dietary energy consumption | The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories (calories in the U.S.). |
| Double cropping | Harvesting twice a year from the same field. |
| Food security | Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. |
| Genetically modified organism (GMO) | A living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern technology. |
| Grain | Seed of a cereal grass. |
| Green revolution | Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. |
| Herbicide | A chemical to control unwanted plants. |
| Horticulture | The growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops. |
| Intensive subsistence agriculture | A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. |
| Milkshed | The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied. |
| Mixed crop and livestock farming | Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans. |
| Monocropping | The practice of growing the same single crop year after year. |
| No tillage | A farming practice that leaves all of the soil undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous year’s harvest left untouched on the fields. |
| Organic agriculture | Farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances, such as herbicides, pesticides, and growth hormones. |
| Overfishing | Capturing fish faster than they can reproduce. |
| Paddy | Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah. |
| Pastoral nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. |
| Pesticide | A substance to control pests, including weeds. |
| Plantation | A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country. |
| Ranching | A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area. |
| Ridge tillage | System of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation. |
| Sawah | A flooded field for growing rice. |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | An increase in agricultural productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock, beginning in the U.K. in the seventeenth century. |
| Shifting cultivation | A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period. |
| Subsistence agriculture | Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer’s family. |
| Sustainable agriculture | Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soul-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides. |
| Swidden | A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning. |
| Transhumance | Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. |
| Truck farming | Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities. |
| Undernourishment | Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity. |
| Wet rice | Rice planted on dryland in a nursery then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote grown. |
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flordaman
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